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441.
Angela L. Duckworth Johannes C. Eichstaedt Lyle H. Ungar 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2015,9(7):359-369
Countless studies have addressed why some individuals achieve more than others. Nevertheless, the psychology of achievement lacks a unifying conceptual framework for synthesizing these empirical insights. We propose organizing achievement‐related traits by two possible mechanisms of action: Traits that determine the rate at which an individual learns a skill are talent variables and can be distinguished conceptually from traits that determine the effort an individual puts forth. This approach takes inspiration from Newtonian mechanics: achievement is akin to distance traveled, effort to time, skill to speed, and talent to acceleration. A novel prediction from this model is that individual differences in effort (but not talent) influence achievement (but not skill) more substantially over longer (rather than shorter) time intervals. Conceptualizing skill as the multiplicative product of talent and effort, and achievement as the multiplicative product of skill and effort, advances similar, but less formal, propositions by several important earlier thinkers. 相似文献
442.
Johannes Roessler 《Philosophical explorations》2014,17(3):346-357
On a widely held view, the canonical way to make sense of intentional actions is to invoke the agent's ‘motivating reasons’, where the claim that X did A for some ‘motivating reason’ is taken to be neutral on whether X had a normative reason to do A. In this paper, I explore a challenge to this view, drawing on Anscombe's ‘second-personal’ approach to the nature of action explanation. 相似文献
443.
Maren Bösel Dipl.-Sozialpädagogin Bärbel Siegfarth Henning Schauenburg Christoph Nikendei Johannes C. Ehrenthal 《Psychotherapeut》2014,59(6):474-479
Social and socioeconomic issues are a risk factor for the development of mental health problems and have the potential to negatively impact the psychotherapeutic treatment process. In addition, mental disorders can also result in socioeconomic stress. Neither professional training nor parameters of everyday practice of medical or psychological psychotherapists are geared towards acquiring sufficient competence to adequately handle complex social problems of highly impaired patients. Especially in times of social crises, three interrelated strategies may be helpful: to enhance psychotherapists’ sensibility and competence to recognize and deal with severe social crises, to promote cooperation with clinical social workers and to incorporate sociotherapeutic elements in the overall treatment planning. Using an approach of integrated care at a university medical department as an example, this article presents examples of how to implement these strategies into everyday therapeutic practice. 相似文献
444.
Johannes Zimmermann Cord Benecke Donna S. Bender Andrew E. Skodol Henning Schauenburg Manfred Cierpka 《Journal of personality assessment》2014,96(4):397-409
Several authors have raised the concern that the DSM–5 Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) is relatively complex and theory laden, and thus might put high requirements on raters. We addressed this concern by having 22 untrained and clinically inexperienced students assess the personality functioning of 10 female psychotherapy inpatients from videotaped clinical interviews, using a multi-item version of the LPFS. Individual raters’ LPFS total scores showed acceptable interrater reliability, and were significantly associated with 2 distinct expert-rated measures of the severity of personality pathology. These findings suggest that, contrary to the previously mentioned concerns, successfully applying the LPFS to clinical cases might require neither extensive clinical experience nor training. 相似文献
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Aldijana Bunjak Andrew C. Hafenbrack Matej Černe Johannes F. W. Arendt 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2022,95(3):595-623
This paper investigates the relationships between optimism, mindfulness, and task engagement. Specifically, we hypothesized that optimism, mindfulness, and their interaction would facilitate individuals’ task engagement. We tested our research model in four studies: two surveys among gig workers and two experiments. The results of the two surveys among gig workers indicated that optimism predicted higher task engagement, but trait mindfulness did not, and that a multiplicative interaction existed between high optimism and high mindfulness in stimulating task engagement. Our two experiments confirmed a significant interaction between optimism and induced state mindfulness and showed that the most engaging situation is being high in both mindfulness and optimism. Although optimism predicted task engagement, the experiments indicated that the effect of the state mindfulness manipulation was above and beyond that of optimism. Finally, we discuss the nuances of the interaction between optimism and mindfulness in predicting task engagement. 相似文献
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Studying imitation learning of long sequences requires the evaluation of inaccurately and incompletely reproduced movement
sequences. In order to evaluate the movement reproduction, it has to be assigned to the original stimulus. We developed an
assignment algorithm that considers the Spatial Neighborhood and Order of reproduction (SNOA). To evaluate the features of
this analysis it was applied to human performance during learning of long pointing sequences under two conditions: stimulus-guided
reproduction with high spatial accuracy and imitation learning with low spatial accuracy. The results were compared with a
simple assignment considering Spatial Neighborhood only (SNA) and with a Manual Assignment (MA). In the stimulus-guided reproduction
the error measures did not differ between the algorithms. In contrast, with imitation learning, SNOA and MA generated higher
estimates of order and omission errors than SNA. The results show that SNOA can be used to automatically quantify the similarity
of both movement structure and metric information between long target sequences and inaccurate and incomplete movement reproductions. 相似文献