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21.
Many sex offenders deny the charges which is often considered as a barrier to treatment and an indicator of an elevated risk for re-offending. Both expectations, however, are controversial in the literature. In the context of Andrews’ and Bonta’s risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model it seems appropriate to understand denial not as a risk factor but as a responsivity issue. A study of 1,381 sex offenders released from prison in Bavaria since 2004 showed that deniers seldom participated in treatment programs and were rarely granted a temporary licence or early release from prison, compared to those who admitted the offenses. The proportion of deniers was higher in immigrants, married and older persons. For 833 offenders released up to the end of 2008 reconviction records were available, with a time at risk of between 5 and 9 years. No correlations were found between denial and violent, sexual, serious or general recidivism. The implications of these findings relate to the correctional treatment of sex offenders and the need for programs that are adapted to the needs of deniers. 相似文献
22.
23.
Hans Johann Glock 《Synthese》2006,148(2):345-368
My paper takes issue both with the standard view that the Tractatus contains a correspondence theory and with recent suggestions that it features a deflationary or semantic theory. Standard
correspondence interpretations are mistaken, because they treat the isomorphism between a sentence and what it depicts as
a sufficient condition of truth rather than of sense. The semantic/deflationary interpretation ignores passages that suggest
some kind of correspondence theory. The official theory of truth in the Tractatus is an obtainment theory – a sentence is true iff the state of affairs it depicts obtains. This theory differs from deflationary theories in
that it involves an ontology of states of affairs/facts; and it can be transformed into a type of correspondence theory: a
sentence is true iff it corresponds to, i.e. depicts an obtaining state of affairs (fact). Admittedly, unlike correspondence
theories as commonly portrayed, this account does not involve a genuinely truth-making relation. It features a relation of
correspondence, yet it is that of depicting, between a meaningful sentence and its sense – a possible state of affairs. What makes for truth is not that relation, but the obtaining of the
depicted state of affairs. This does not disqualify the Tractatus from holding a correspondence theory, however, since the correspondence theories of Moore and Russell are committed to a
similar position. Alternatively, the obtainment theory can be seen as a synthesis of correspondence, semantic and deflationary
approaches. It does justice to the idea that what is true depends solely on what is the case, and it combines a semantic explanation
of the relation between a sentence and what it says with a deflationary account of the agreement between what the sentence
says and what obtains or is the case if it is true 相似文献
24.
Johann Endres Maike M. Breuer Lara Buch Oriana Handtke 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2014,8(2):116-127
The BB-JuSt is a newly developed standardized instrument used in juvenile correctional settings to document the results of the inital assessment of treatment and educational needs of young offenders. It is made up of 23 items with 5-point rating scales (with the exception of the item caring for a child) which refer to specific needs and responsivity factors relating to educational attainments and basic reading/writing and mathematic skills, alcohol/drug/gambling problems, criminogenic disposition (e.g., aggressiveness), psychological disorders, lifestyle and social environment (e.g. associates and family). To determine the interrater reliability of this instrument 42 young offenders were classified by professional prison staff as usual, and additionally by 2 external researchers. Whereas excellent agreement between the external researchers was achieved on all items, the comparison between staff and researchers showed only moderate correlations. These results indicate that the BB-JuSt is a reliable instrument that can be used for treatment planning decisions and for research purposes but extensive training is required for users. 相似文献
25.
Friedo Johann Willem Herbig Ann-Mari Elizabeth Hesselink 《Journal of Psychology in Africa》2013,23(3):441-447
Criminology gained prominence as an academic area of study because of the constant threat of crime and the social problems it highlights. Nonetheless, much doubt and criticism exists among professionals within social and human sciences regarding the role, application, value and contributions of criminologists. Criminology is informed by a combination of theory and empirical research enfolded into a body of knowledge on crime as a social phenomenon. In South Africa, criminologists have acquired a more practically oriented role in enhancing service delivery within the criminal justice and private sectors. This article aims to highlight the current (and potential) shift in practice for criminologists in South Africa. 相似文献
26.
This study examined whether individuals with a high need to belong and feelings of loneliness tend to compensate for a lack of social contact by self-talk and whether self-talk prevents negative consequences on their physical and mental health. The sample consisted of 559 adults drawn from the German Sozioland Panel Project. The results of SEM analyses revealed evidence for significant relations of the need to belong and loneliness with the frequency of self-talk. Moreover, the need to belong and loneliness were significantly related to mental and physical health, but loneliness was shown to be more important for the prediction of both health outcomes. Results of moderator analyses indicate that self-talk might be a risk factor for an increased negative correlation between loneliness and mental health. Self-talk, which is supposed to be related to self-awareness, might reinforce the subjective feeling of loneliness and hence have a negative impact on psychological well-being. 相似文献
27.
Johann Frick 《Canadian journal of philosophy》2017,47(2-3):344-367
AbstractWhat moral reasons, if any, do we have to ensure the long-term survival of humanity? This article contrastively explores two answers to this question: according to the first, we should ensure the survival of humanity because we have reason to maximize the number of happy lives that are ever lived, all else equal. According to the second, seeking to sustain humanity into the future is the appropriate response to the final value of humanity itself. Along the way, the article discusses various issues in population axiology, particularly the so-called Intuition of Neutrality and John Broome’s ‘greediness objection’ to this intuition. 相似文献
28.
Initially developed so that an individual could be recognized in mark-recapture studies of aquatic animals, fluorescent visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags are used here for a new application in ethometry: the study of the behavior of transparent animals in dim light or in darkness using automatic tracking technology. The application and validation of this multitracking method is tested in the context of research on the estuarine migratory behavior of the glass eel (Anguilla anguilla), a crucial point to better understand the dynamics of this endangered species. The method makes it possible to measure the activity (notably the distance and speed) of four individuals as a function of tidal and nycthemeral rhythms in the same flume (a circular aquarium simulating river or estuarine conditions) across a wide time scale (from seconds to weeks). 相似文献
29.
Hypotheses about psychological processes are often tested using traditional mediation analysis. This analysis relies on measurement of a transmitting variable. Conducting this analysis has become almost synonymous with examining process hypotheses. An alternative strategy to mediation analysis (the Testing‐a‐Process‐hypothesis‐by‐an‐Interaction Strategy, TPIS) is illustrated here. TPIS is based on a fully experimental design whereby a hypothesized process is tested by an interaction between the hypothesized cause of an effect and a contextual variable. In the interaction term, the contextual variable allows comparison of the causal effect observed when the process is uninterrupted to the effect observed when the process is interrupted. Thus, TPIS translates a theoretical process hypothesis into a statistical interaction hypothesis that uses a fully experimental design to directly examine the hypothesized process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
A video multitracking system for quantification of individual behavior in a large fish shoal: Advantages and limits 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Johann Delcourt Christophe Becco Nicolas Vandewalle Pascal Poncin 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):228-235
The capability of a new multitracking system to track a large number of unmarked fish (up to 100) is evaluated. This system
extrapolates a trajectory from each individual and analyzes recorded sequences that are several minutes long. This system
is very efficient in statistical individual tracking, where the individual’s identity is important for a short period of time
in comparison with the duration of the track. Individual identification is typically greater than 99%. Identification is largely
efficient (more than 99%) when the fish images do not cross the image of a neighbor fish. When the images of two fish merge
(occlusion), we consider that the spot on the screen has a double identity. Consequently, there are no identification errors during
occlusions, even though the measurement of the positions of each individual is imprecise. When the images of these two merged
fish separate (separation), individual identification errors are more frequent, but their effect is very low in statistical individual tracking. On
the other hand, in complete individual tracking, where individual fish identity is important for the entire trajectory, each identification error invalidates the results.
In such cases, the experimenter must observe whether the program assigns the correct identification, and, when an error is
made, must edit the results. This work is not too costly in time because it is limited to the separation events, accounting
for fewer than 0.1% of individual identifications. Consequently, in both statistical and rigorous individual tracking, this
system allows the experimenter to gain time by measuring the individual position automatically. It can also analyze the structural
and dynamic properties of an animal group with a very large sample, with precision and sampling that are impossible to obtain
with manual measures. 相似文献