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101.
The aim of this large-scale study was to find out which points along the contour of a shape are most salient and why. Many subjects (N=161) were asked to mark salient points on contour stimuli, derived from a large set of line drawings of everyday objects (N=260). The database of more than 200,000 marked points was analyzed extensively to test the hypothesis, first formulated by Attneave (1954), that curvature extrema are most salient. This hypothesis was confirmed by the data: Highly salient points are usually very close to strong curvature extrema (positive maxima and negative minima). However, perceptual saliency of points along the contour is determined by more factors than just local absolute curvature. This was confirmed by an extensive correlational analysis of perceptual saliency in relation to ten different stimulus factors. A point is more salient when the two line segments connecting it with its two neighboring salient points make a sharp turning angle and when the 2-D part defined by the triplet of salient points is less compact and sticks out more. 相似文献
102.
103.
Vansteelandt K Rijmen F Pieters G Probst M Vanderlinden J 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(8):1717-1734
Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, the within patient associations between drive for thinness, emotional states, momentary urge to be physically active and physical activity were studied in 32 inpatients with an eating disorder. Participants received an electronic device and had to indicate at nine random times a day during 1 week their momentary drive for thinness, positive and negative emotional states and their urge to be physically active and physical activity. Multilevel analyses indicated that patients with higher mean levels for urge to be physically active were characterized by lower body mass index (BMI) and chronically negative affect whereas patients with higher mean levels for physical activity were characterized by lower BMI and higher dispositions for drive for thinness. In addition, within patient relations between drive for thinness and urge to be physically active were moderated by BMI and chronically negative affect whereas within patient relations between drive for thinness and physical activity were moderated by BMI. Finally, also positive emotional states were significantly associated with physical activity within patients. By using a daily process design, characteristics of physical activity were revealed that have not been identified with assessment methods that have a lower time resolution. 相似文献
104.
Johan Brännmark 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(5):449-462
Following John Rawls, writers like Bernard Williams and Christine Korsgaard have suggested that a transparency condition should
be put on ethical theories. The exact nature of such a condition and its implications is however not anything on which there
is any consensus. It is argued here that the ultimate rationale of transparency conditions is epistemic rather than substantively
moral, but also that it clearly connects to substantive concerns about moral psychology. Finally, it is argued that once a
satisfactory form of the transparency condition is formulated, then, at least among the main contenders within ethical theory,
it speaks in favor of a broadly Aristotelian approach to ethical theorizing. 相似文献
105.
106.
Being Admired or Being Liked: Classroom Social Status and Depressive Problems in Early Adolescent Girls and Boys 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oldehinkel AJ Rosmalen JG Veenstra R Dijkstra JK Ormel J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(3):417-427
This study investigates associations between depressive problems and classroom social status in a large population cohort of Dutch early adolescents (N = 1046, age 13.52 +/- 0.51, 52.4% girls). Depressive problems were assessed by parent and self-reports and classroom status by peer nominations. We assessed peer status with respect to both achievement-related (being a good learner, being good at sports, being good-looking) and affection-related (being liked, being disliked, being best friend) areas. In boys, depressive problems were most strongly associated with not being good at sports, while in girls the association was strongest for not being liked. The risk of a low status in one area could largely be compensated by a high status in another area. 相似文献
107.
108.
Appraisal of behavioral measurement techniques for assessing dental anxiety and fear in children: A review 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Irene H. A. Aartman Ton van Everdingen Johan Hoogstraten Albert H. B. Schuurs 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1996,18(2):153-171
The aim of this article is to review and evaluate behavioral and physiological measurement techniques frequently used to assess dental anxiety and fear in children. Attention is given to the data collected, the empirical findings obtained, and the availability of normative data. The main focus, however, is on the reliability and validity. Results show that all questionnaires are open to criticism. Of the behavioral measures, Melamed's Behavior Profile Rating Scale is to be preferred to Frankl's Rating Scale, Venham Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales. The main reasons are that Melamed's BPRS measures the behavior of the child more precisely and that it has superior psychometric properties. Furthermore, because of their practical, conceptual, and psychometric problems, physiological measures at this stage are found to be less appropriate for assessing dental fear in children. It is concluded that a behavioral measure is not always the ideal, but often the only available technique for assessing dental fear in children. 相似文献
109.
Modal Foundations for Predicate Logic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
110.
Johan Wagemans 《Psychological research》1990,52(2-3):181-196
Summary Three sets of experiments are described. The first set concerns the detection of the 3-D possibility of shaded 2-D block patterns. The data indicate that the human perceptual system is able to do this above chance level, but in a specific and restricted way, which suggests the possibility of a module devoted to it. The second set concerns the determination of the 3-D orientation of coloured 2-D patterns. The data show that the human perceptual system uses physical constraints of colour mixing in doing this. Again, the mechanism seems to have characteristics suggesting modularity. The third set is about the detection of skewed symmetry in dot patterns. Skewed symmetry can be used as a source of information about the slant and tilt of a surface with bilateral symmetry present on it. Therefore, a module for recovering this information might exist.All these empirical data show that Fodor's criteria of modularity can be used to test hypotheses about visual mechanisms recovering 3-D information from 2-D inputs. But this does not imply that the results prove modularity and cannot be interpreted otherwise. As an exercise the same story about these experiments is told with the use of jargon from ecological realism and connectionist approaches. It is concluded that some of the approaches to some perceptual mechanisms are not as divergent as they might seem. The main theme underlying modular, connectionist, and ecological approaches is the avoidance of central intelligence agencies by the incorporation of physical constraints. Within this broad framework different questions can be asked and answers attempted that may depend on personal taste. 相似文献