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441.
Livestock production has been confronted with several epidemics over the last decades. The morality of common animal disease
strategies—stamping out and vaccination—is being debated and provokes controversies among farmers, authorities and the broader
public. Given the complexity and controversy of choosing an appropriate control strategy, this article explores the potential
of nano-enabled diagnostics in future livestock production. At first glance, these applications offer promising opportunities
for better animal disease surveillance. By significantly shortening the reaction time from diagnosis to appropriate control,
they could complement the current disease management strategies. Although nano-enabled diagnostics will not make livestock
disease eradication strategies redundant or completely free of the culling of infected animals, these diagnostics could significantly
reduce the number of culled animals and animal suffering. This article aims to demonstrate that the ethical assessment of
advanced diagnostics can build on the experiences with decision making in biomedical ethics where nonmaleficence, beneficence,
autonomy and justice serve as important benchmarks. Nano-enabled diagnostics may be an ethically sound solution if it can
resolve the dilemma between stamping out and vaccination in favor of the latter and if it can balance the autonomy–paternalism
dilemma between farmers and authorities. The technology should allow to be switched on and off by farmers, whilst simultaneously
allowing for a weak paternalism on behalf of authorities in order to benefit the farmer and broader society and to protect
them from harm.
相似文献
Johan EversEmail: |
442.
Bjørngaard JH Garratt A Gråwe RW Bjertnaes OA Ruud T 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2008,49(4):385-392
The study compared patient experiences with psychiatric treatment provided by private practitioners and public outpatient clinics. Questionnaires were completed by 642 outpatients in private practice and 6,677 outpatients in public clinics. The questionnaire included a measure of patient experiences comprising six items: treatment outcome, enough time for contact and dialogue with clinician, clinicians' understanding of patient's situation, suitability of therapy and treatment, clinician follow-up of planned actions, and influence on treatment. Patients in private practice had generally better experiences than patients in public outpatient treatment. The difference between private and public patients was largest for patients with poor self-evaluated mental health or those who had just one consultation in the previous three months. Private practitioners appear to have an important role in mental health services delivery, and patients have relatively good experiences with services. Further studies that assess the patient - clinician interaction in different mental health services may give further insights into potential service improvements. 相似文献
443.
Johan Denollet Elisabeth J Martens Ivan Nyklícek Viviane M Conraads Beatrice de Gelder 《Health psychology》2008,27(3):302-308
OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who report low distress are considered to be at low psychological risk for clinical events. However, patients with a repressive coping style may fail to detect and report signals of emotional distress. The authors hypothesized that repressive CAD patients are at risk for clinical events, despite low self-rated distress. DESIGN: This was a prospective 5- to 10-year follow-up study, with a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. At baseline, 731 CAD patients filled out Trait-Anxiety (distress), Marlowe-Crowne (defensiveness), and Type D scales; 159 patients were classified as "repressive," 360 as "nonrepressive," and 212 as "Type D." MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was a composite of total mortality or myocardial infarction (MI); the secondary endpoint was cardiac mortality/MI. RESULTS: No patients were lost to follow-up; 91 patients had a clinical event (including 35 cardiac death and 32 MI). Repressive patients reported low levels of anxiety, anger and depression at baseline, but were at increased risk for death/MI (21/159 = 13%) compared with nonrepressive patients (22/360 = 6%), p = .009. Poor systolic function, poor exercise tolerance, 3-vessel disease, index MI and Type-D personality--but not depression, anxiety or anger--also independently predicted clinical events. After controlling for these variables, repressive patients still had a twofold increased risk of death/MI, OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.10-4.08, p = .025). These findings were replicated for cardiac mortality/MI. CONCLUSION: CAD patients who use a repressive coping style are at increased risk for clinical events, despite their claims of low emotional distress. This phenomenon may cause an underestimation of the effect of stress on the heart. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
444.
Line drawings of everyday objects were modified into silhouettes by filling-in the complete area enclosed by boundary contours, and outline versions were created by extracting the contours from the silhouettes. A large number of participants was asked to try to identify these silhouette and outline versions in experiment 1. Identifiability ranged from 0% to 100% correct responses with a large range in-between. Several kinds of errors and several reasons for difficulties with identification emerged in our data set. In experiment 2, we compared the original identification rates to those of inverted silhouettes (white figures on a black background), and in experiment 3 we compared the original identification rates of objects with filled-in holes or background parts to those of versions without filling-in. These stimuli and identification norms are useful for additional research on priming and context effects of object identification, neuropsychological deficits of object identification, and all kinds of studies with silhouettes where the role of top down knowledge could be of interest. 相似文献
445.
446.
Philosophical Studies - Given reductionism about people, personal persistence must fundamentally consist in some kind of impersonal continuity relation. Typically, these continuity relations can... 相似文献
447.
Studia Logica - We propose a new perspective on logics of computation by combining instantial neighborhood logic $$\mathsf {INL}$$ with bisimulation safe operations adapted from $$\mathsf {PDL}$$ .... 相似文献
448.
Philosophia - When Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons, examined whether the Non-Identity Problem could be solved with the Impersonal Total Principle, he assumed perfect equality in the future... 相似文献
449.
The article focuses on the Hare Krishna members in Belgium. The movement owns a temple on the outskirts of a provincial city in the south of the country. Fieldwork was carried out among the ‘temple residents’ (at Radhadesh, the ‘Petite Somme’), those who live in its vicinity, the ‘congregationalists’ in the local centres, and those who are on the way of being initiated. The article focuses on the development members undergo from ‘adepts’ to ‘devotees’, that is from ‘congregationalists’ to becoming full-time ‘temple residents’ in Radhadesh. The question we address concerns the process of members’ growth in Krishna consciousness and sacredness. 相似文献
450.