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171.
Johan Verwoerd Ineke Wessel Peter J. de Jong Maurice M. W. Nieuwenhuis 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(8):1537-1551
This study used an analogue design to test the hypothesis that preferential processing of visual trauma reminders in the aftermath of a stressful or traumatic event gives rise to subsequent intrusive memories. Shortly after the presentation of a stressful film fragment, participants (n=36) were asked to detect neutral targets (rotated buildings or nature scenes) in a single target rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm. During half of the streams, the target was preceded by a distracter. The distracters consisted of visual images extracted from an earlier presented stressful film (e.g., persons and objects that figured in the film). The degree of interference by these film reminders predicted subsequent intrusions recorded in a one-week diary. The results provide evidence that a deficient ability to obtain attentional control over perceptual “trauma” reminders during goal-directed behaviour may set people at risk for persistent intrusive memories. Implications for research investigating attentional bias and intrusive memories in context of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are discussed. 相似文献
172.
173.
Forty-six psychotherapy students in three groups at one training institute for psychoanalytic psychotherapy in Sweden were asked to fill out a questionnaire about important influences on their professional development during their three-year training and afterwards. The questionnaire was distributed on three occasions during the training program and on one later occasion. Twenty-one students responded to the questionnaire on all four occasions. Working with patients in therapy, getting supervision, and participating in personal psychotherapy were viewed as the three most important influences on the students. The importance attributed to specialist literature and technical skills seemed to increase over time during the training, while the influences of experiences in personal life and personal qualities decreased. These changes in reported views were reversed in the initial years after graduation. Concerning assets, the students valued the ability to be containing and emphatic as the most important, but in their first years as licensed psychotherapists assigned more importance to the ability to create contact. The training program led to a change over time in a higher rating for the importance of technical and methodological attributes and less emphasis on personal characteristics and experiences. Most of the changes reported during training tended to be reversed afterwards. 相似文献
174.
Type D personality, a synergy between negative affectivity and social inhibition, has established itself as a serious risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize studies on the validity of the assessment methods of Type D, emphasizing its role as an independent vulnerability factor in the progression of cardiovascular disease. We further present evidence on the physiological characteristics that accompany the 2 psychological traits negative affectivity and social inhibition and may mediate the relation between personality and prognosis in heart disease. Further research needs to determine the mechanisms by which Type D affects the course and outcome of cardiovascular disease as well as how Type D patients may benefit from psychosocial intervention. 相似文献
175.
This study explored the personal and social context of young female sex offenders, probing their risk profiles for prospective treatment interventions. A convenience sample of eight young South African female sexual offenders participated in the study (black = 88%, Indian = 12%, age range = 14–20 years). They completed semi-structured interviews on their perceptions of the influences to commit a sexual offence. The data were thematically analysed. Emergent themes on factors associated with sexual offending included: peer influence, poor child monitoring, parental neglect, unproductive sexual health education, as well as insight into the participants’ maladaptive beliefs and distorted thinking. 相似文献
176.
Pronk TM Karremans JC Wigboldus DH 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2011,100(5):827-837
In the present research, we examined why some people have more difficulty than others in staying faithful to their romantic partners. Three studies supported our main prediction that executive control is associated with romantically involved individuals' ability to stay faithful. Study 1 showed that participants with a higher level of executive control reported less difficulty in staying faithful to their partners than did those with lower levels of executive control. In Study 2, romantically involved male participants were placed in a waiting room together with an attractive female confederate. Results showed that participants with a higher level of executive control showed less flirting behavior with the confederate than did those with lower levels of executive control. Study 3 demonstrated that a higher level of executive control was related to a lower expressed desire to meet an attractive other, but only for romantically involved participants. Together, these studies showed that executive control helps romantically involved individuals to deal with the lure of attractive alternatives. 相似文献
177.
Bakker MP Ormel J Verhulst FC Oldehinkel AJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(3):341-350
Adolescent family adversity is a considerable adaptive challenge in an increasingly turbulent developmental period. Using
data from a prospective population cohort of 2230 Dutch adolescents, we tested risk-buffering interactions between adolescent
family adversity and self-regulation capacities on mental health. We used two adaptive self-regulation capacities that could
allow adolescents to manage relatively well with family adversity: (1) parent-reported effortful control, and (2) an attentional
flexibility (in this case, set-shifting) task. Adolescent family adversity was associated with internalizing problems and
externalizing problems. The risk-buffering effects of effortful control were found for externalizing problems but not for
internalizing problems. There were no risk-buffering effects of attentional flexibility on both types of mental health problems.
Effortful control is likely to benefit adolescents’ ability to channel their frustrations in adaptive ways in the presence
of family adversity. Additionally, (attentional) set-shifting tasks might have a limited predictive value for risk-buffering
research. 相似文献
178.
Researchers have recognized the importance of developing an accurate classification system for externalizing disorders, though
much of this work has been framed by a priori preferences for categorical vs. dimensional constructs. Newer statistical technologies
now allow categorical and dimensional models of psychopathology to be compared empirically. In this study, we directly compared
the fit of categorical and dimensional models of externalizing behaviors in a large and representative community sample of
adolescents at two time points separated by nearly 2.5 years (N = 2027; mean age at Time 1 = 11.09 years; 50.8% female). Delinquent and aggressive behaviors were assessed with child and
parent Child Behavior Checklist reports. Latent trait, latent class, and factor mixture models were fit to the data, and at
both time points, the latent trait model provided the best fit to the data. The item parameters were inspected and interpreted,
and it was determined that the items were differentially sensitive across all regions of the dimension. We conclude that classification
models can be based on empirical evidence rather than a priori preferences, and while current classification systems conceptualize
externalizing problems in terms of discrete groups, they can be better conceptualized as dimensions. 相似文献
179.
Symptoms of depression in Swedish fathers in the postnatal period and development of a screening tool 下载免费PDF全文
Methods for detecting depression in fathers after the birth of their child are scarce. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), used to screen mothers for postpartum depression (PPD), lacks somatization and externalizing items. This potentially decreases its sensitivity in detecting depression in fathers, as many men actually express depression with somatization or externalizing symptoms. The present study assessed depressive symptoms in fathers of children 0–18 months old, and evaluated whether addressing both typical depression and externalizing, so‐called “depressive equivalent” symptoms, might be more suitable for such assessment. The Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), EPDS, and Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS) were responded to by 447 Swedish fathers online. Among participants, 27% reported depressive symptoms above the BDI‐II cut‐off suggestive of depression. Most fathers reported both traditional and depressive equivalent symptoms and a subgroup expressed exclusively depressive equivalent symptoms. Consistently, a scale combining items from the EPDS and GMDS showed higher sensitivity than the EPDS alone in identifying fathers with elevated depressive symptoms, at equal levels of specificity. Our findings suggest that a combination of EPDS and depressive equivalent symptom items results in a more suitable instrument for screening for depression in fathers during the postnatal period. 相似文献
180.
Paul Johan Karlsen Richard J. Allen Alan D. Baddeley Graham J. Hitch 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(3):292-303
Recent studies of visual short-term memory have suggested that the binding of features such as color and shape into remembered
objects is relatively automatic. A series of seven experiments broadened this investigation by comparing the immediate retention
of colored shapes with performance when color and shape were separated either spatially or temporally, with participants required
actively to form the bound object. Attentional load was manipulated with a demanding concurrent task, and retention in working
memory was then tested using a single recognition probe. Both spatial and temporal separation of features tended to impair
performance, as did the concurrent task. There was, however, no evidence for greater attentional disruption of performance
as a result of either spatial or temporal separation of features. Implications for the process of binding in visual working
memory are discussed, and an interpretation is offered in terms of the episodic buffer component of working memory, which
is assumed to be a passive store capable of holding bound objects, but not of performing the binding. 相似文献