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151.
Peng and Nisbett (1999) claimed that members of Asian cultures show a greater preference than Euro-Americans for proverbs
expressing paradox (so-called dialectical proverbs; e.g.,Too humble is half proud). The present research sought to replicate this claim with the same set of stimuli used in Peng and Nisbett’s Experiment
2 and a new set of dialectical and nondialectical proverbs that were screened to be comparably pleasing in phrasing. Whereas
the proverbs were rated as more familiar and (in Set 1) more poetic by Chinese than by American participants, no group differences
were found in relation to proverb dialecticality. Both the Chinese and Americans in our study rated the dialectical proverbs
from Peng and Nisbett’s study as more likable, higher in wisdom, and higher in poeticality than the nondialectical proverbs.
For Set 2, both groups found the dialectical proverbs to be as likable, wise, and poetic as the nondialectical proverbs. When
poeticality was covaried out, dialectical proverbs were liked better than nondialectical proverbs across both stimulus sets
by the Chinese and the Americans alike, and when wisdom was covaried out, the effect of dialecticality was reduced in both
sets and groups. Our findings indicate that caution should be taken in ascribing differences in proverb preferences solely
to cultural differences in reasoning. 相似文献
152.
Berger-Sweeney J Zearfoss NR Richter JD 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2006,13(1):4-7
CPEB is a sequence-specific RNA binding protein that regulates translation at synapses. In neurons of CPEB knockout mice, synaptic efficacy is reduced. Here, we have performed a battery of behavioral tests and find that relative to wild-type animals, CPEB knockout mice, although similar on many baseline behaviors, have reduced extinction of memories on two hippocampal-dependent tasks. A corresponding microarray analysis reveals that about 0.14% of hippocampal genes have an altered expression in the CPEB knockout mouse. These data suggest that CPEB-dependent local protein synthesis may be an important cellular mechanism underlying extinction of hippocampal-dependent memories. 相似文献
153.
Waldman ID Nigg JT Gizer IR Park L Rappley MD Friderici K 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(1):18-30
There is resurgent interest in the psychiatric literature in endophenotypes, variables thought to more strongly reflect the
effects of candidate genes than do manifest disorders. In a sample of 176 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) and 52 of their siblings, we examined the validity of several putative endophenotypes for ADHD that represent commonly
used clinical measures of multiple cognitive/neuropsychological domains of executive functions (EFs). We review their distributional
normality, their relations to ADHD symptoms in probands and unaffected siblings relative to nonADHD controls, and their correlation
in siblings. We also tested the EF measures’ associations with the ADRA2A gene and whether they mediated or moderated the associations between ADHD and ADRA2A. Several EF measures showed association with ADRA2A, as well as moderation, but not mediation, of its association with ADHD. Implications of the results for evaluating the validity
and utility of putative endophenotype measures and for finding candidate gene effects on ADHD are discussed. 相似文献
154.
We asked adults with Asperger Syndrome to judge pictorial stimuli in terms of certain social stereotypes to evaluate to what extent they have access to this type of social knowledge. Sixteen adults with Asperger Syndrome and 24 controls, matched for age and intelligence, were presented with sets of faces, bodies and objects, which had to be rated on a 7-point scale in terms of trustworthiness, attractiveness, social status, and age, or, in the case of objects, price. Despite impaired performance on two important aspects of social cognition (second-order mentalizing and face recognition) the social judgements of the individuals with Asperger Syndrome were just as competent and consistent as those of their matched controls, with only one exception: there was a trend for them to be less able to judge the attractiveness of faces if they were the same sex. We explain this difference in terms of a weakness in mentalizing, specifically the ability to take a different point of view: While all other stereotypic attributions could be made from an egocentric point of view, judging the attractiveness of faces of one's own sex requires taking the perspective of someone of the opposite sex, a challenge for people with mentalizing problems. We conclude that individuals with Asperger Syndrome show preserved aspects of social knowledge, as revealed in the attribution of stereotypes to pictures of people. These findings suggest that there are dissociable subcomponents to social cognition and that not all of these are compromised in Asperger Syndrome. 相似文献
155.
When young children observe pretend-play, do they interpret it simply as a type of behavior, or do they infer the underlying mental state that gives the behavior meaning? This is a long-standing question with deep implications for how “theory on mind” develops. The two leading accounts of shared pretense give opposing answers. The behavioral theory proposes that children represent pretense as a form of behavior (behaving in a way that would be appropriate if P); the metarepresentational theory argues that children instead represent pretense via the early concept PRETEND. A test between these accounts is provided by children’s understanding of pretend sounds and speech. We report the first experiments directly investigating this understanding. In three experiments, 2- and 3-year-olds’ listened to requests that were either spoken normally, or with the pretense that a teddy bear was uttering them. To correctly fulfill the requests, children had to represent the normal utterance as the experimenter’s, and the pretend utterances as the bear’s. Children succeeded at both ages, suggesting that they can represent pretend speech (the requests) as coming from counterfactual sources (the bear rather than the experimenter). We argue that this is readily explained by the metarepresentational theory, but harder to explain if children are behaviorists about pretense. 相似文献
156.
Spatial judgments are affected by both fine-grained and categorical knowledge. We investigated whether, and how, the two forms
of knowledge are learned in real-world, navigable space, as well as the time course of learning each type of knowledge. Participants
were Northwestern University undergraduates who estimated the locations of buildings and other landmarks on campus. The Northwestern
campus is roughly divided into three regions whose borders are not easy to discern, either from a map or by navigation. Nevertheless,
students often refer to these regions linguistically and use them when making housing decisions, choosing classes, and so
forth. We found that knowledge of both the fine-grained configuration of locations and the regional distinctions increased
with time. However, regional influences on judgments occurred later in students’ time on campus. Consequently, computed distances
across the nonexistent border between north and south campus locations became more biased with time. The results have implications
for understanding how spatial representations develop in navigable environments. 相似文献
157.
Paul E. Engelhardt Martin Corley Joel T. Nigg Fernanda Ferreira 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):617-628
Disfluency is a common occurrence in speech and is generally thought to be related to difficulty in the production system.
One unexplored issue is the extent to which inhibition is required to prevent incorrect speech plans from being articulated.
Therefore, we examined disfluency production in participants with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which
is linked to deficits in inhibitory function and response suppression (Nigg, 2001). Participants completed a sentence production
task in which they were presented with two pictures and a verb and their task was to produce a sentence. If inhibition plays
a role in preventing incorrect speech plans, we would expect ADHD participants to produce more repetition and repair disfluencies
than would non-ADHD controls. The results showed that one subtype of ADHD (i.e., the combined) produced more repair disfluencies
as task demands increased. We conclude that the production system relies on inhibitory control in order to prevent errors
in language production. 相似文献
158.
Joel A. Schickel 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(6):1067-1084
According to the standard Aristotelian doctrine of the identity of passion and action (Ipa), a passion and the action with which it is identified are distinguished through a distinction of reason, and both passion and action are located in the patient. Descartes has recently been interpreted by some scholars to be rejecting Ipa in favor of a view that throws into contention a dualistic interpretation of his philosophy of mind. This article contends that Descartes did hold Ipa, albeit expressed in his own metaphysical vocabulary of substance and mode. On this interpretation, (1) a passion and the action with which it is identified are distinguished through a conceptual distinction or distinction of reason and (2) the passion and the action constitute one and the same mode which is locatedin the patient. This result is significant first, because it shows Descartes's retention of a fundamentally Aristotelian understanding of the metaphysical categories of passion and action and second, because it removes some of the support for recent interpretations on which Descartes is seen in the Passions of the Soul to diverge from a dualistic view of mind and body. 相似文献
159.
Joel Katzav 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(6):1197-1221
ABSTRACTThis paper shows that during the first half of the 1960s The Journal of Philosophy quickly moved from publishing work in diverse philosophical traditions to, essentially, only publishing analytic philosophy. Further, the changes at the journal are shown, with the help of previous work on the journals Mind and The Philosophical Review, to be part of a pattern involving generalist philosophy journals in Britain and America during the period 1925–69. The pattern is one in which journals controlled by analytic philosophers systematically promote a form of critical philosophy and marginalize rival approaches to philosophy. This pattern, it is argued, helps to explain the growing dominance of analytic philosophy during the twentieth century and allows characterizing this form of philosophy as, at least during 1925–69, a sectarian form of critical philosophy. 相似文献
160.
Yael M. Cycowicz David Friedman Joan Gay Snodgrass Mairav Rothstein 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(1):19-35
Dissociations between performance on implicit and explicit tasks have often been taken as evidence that different neural structures subserve the two types of memory. One such dissociation involves developmental differences that emerge in explicit tasks, but which appear to be absent in implicit tasks. Such findings are consistent with the idea that implicit memory is subserved by a more primitive system that evolves earlier at both phylogenetic and ontogenetic levels. The present paper reviews previous studies that claimed to find evidence that implicit memory is fully developed in very young children. Issues of measurement error, ceiling effects, and insufficient power brought up questions about those studies with respect to the developmental issue. The present study compares performance on implicit (picture fragment completion) and explicit (free recall and recognition) memory tasks with groups ranging in age from 5–28 years. We find a reliable developmental trend in both implicit and explicit performance in which the former cannot be attributed to the operation ofexplicit memory processes. Thus, we conclude that implicit memory, like explicit memory, develops with age. 相似文献