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991.
Fabry disease is a multi-systemic X-linked genetic disorder which has progressive and deadly consequences for those it afflicts.
Fabry disease symptoms are widely recognized as a substantive burden for affected males. In comparison, female heterozygotes
have traditionally been viewed as relatively symptom-free, though a debate continues about whether and how much they suffer
with the disease. Previous research suggests that females with Fabry disease may be triply disadvantaged in healthcare settings
owing to: (1) disease rarity, (2) devalued carrier status, and (3) gender. The combined effects of these three factors suggest
that female heterozygotes may suffer substantially with Fabry disease symptoms. A qualitative analysis of a brief disease-specific
questionnaire provides supportive evidence. The female Fabry disease participants described experiencing significant symptoms
that interfered with their lives. They also described unsatisfying experiences with healthcare professionals related to disease
rarity, carrier status, and gender. The results of this study corroborate the suggestion that this triple disadvantage exists
and may preclude appropriate management and treatment of females with Fabry disease. The role of healthcare professionals,
including genetic counselors, in remedying this disadvantage is reviewed. 相似文献
992.
Skilled athletes often maintain that overthinking disrupts performance of their motor skills. Here, we examined whether these
experiences have a basis in verbal overshadowing, a phenomenon in which describing memories for ineffable perceptual experiences
disrupts later retention. After learning a unique golf-putting task, golfers of low and intermediate skill either described
their actions in detail or performed an irrelevant verbal task. They then performed the putting task again. Strikingly, describing
their putting experience significantly impaired higher skill golfers’ ability to reachieve the putting criterion, compared
with higher skill golfers who performed the irrelevant verbal activity. Verbalization had no such effect, however, for lower
skill golfers. These findings establish that the effects of overthinking extend beyond dual-task interference and may sometimes
reflect impacts on long-term memory. We propose that these effects are mediated by competition between procedural and declarative
memory, as suggested by recent work in cognitive neuroscience. 相似文献
993.
Talmi D Anderson AK Riggs L Caplan JB Moscovitch M 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(3):172-182
Emotionally arousing stimuli are at once both highly attention grabbing and memorable. We examined whether emotional enhancement of memory (EEM) reflects an indirect effect of emotion on memory, mediated by enhanced attention to emotional items during encoding. We tested a critical prediction of the mediation hypothesis-that regions conjointly activated by emotion and attention would correlate with subsequent EEM. Participants were scanned with fMRI while they watched emotional or neutral pictures under instructions to attend to them a lot or a little, and were then given an immediate recognition test. A region in the left fusiform gyrus was activated by emotion, voluntary attention, and subsequent EEM. A functional network, different for each attention condition, connected this region and the amygdala, which was associated with emotion and EEM, but not with voluntary attention. These findings support an indirect cortical mediation account of immediate EEM that may complement a direct modulation model. 相似文献
994.
People who prefer larger, later gains over smaller, sooner gains when considering outcomes far in the future often reverse
their preference as the alternatives become closer in time. This finding, which is contrary to a normative economic account
of intertemporal choice, has been interpreted as support for hyperboloid discounting, but the results can also be explained
by steeper discounting of smaller amounts. The present study is the first to demonstrate that analogous preference reversals
occur with losses: People who preferred a smaller, sooner loss over a larger, later loss when the outcomes were far in the
future reversed their preference when these alternatives were closer in time. Because there was no magnitude effect (i.e.,
smaller losses were not discounted more steeply than larger losses), the present findings strongly support the proposition
that reversals in preference between delayed outcomes occur because of the hyperboloid shape of the discounting function. 相似文献
995.
One of the most robust findings in attention research is that the time to name a color is lengthened markedly in the presence
of an irrelevant word that spells a different color name: the Stroop effect. The Stroop effect is found even when the word
is physically separated from the color, apparently indicating that words can be read outside the focus of spatial attention.
The present study critically evaluated this claim. We employed several stringent measures within a Stroop paradigm to prevent
participants from attending to the irrelevant words (e.g., limiting exposure duration to prevent attention capture). Nonetheless,
residual Stroop effects were obtained for both color words and semantic associates (e.g., sky to blue). These data suggest
that lexical processing can sometimes occur outside the focus of spatial attention. 相似文献
996.
We showed that metacomprehension accuracy improved when participants (N = 87 college students) wrote summaries of texts prior to judging their comprehension; however, accuracy only improved when summaries were written after a delay, not when written immediately after reading. We evaluated two hypotheses proposed to account for this delayed-summarization effect (the accessibility hypothesis and the situation model hypothesis). The data suggest that participants based metacomprehension judgments more on the gist of texts when they generated summaries after a delay; whereas, they based judgments more on details when they generated summaries immediately after reading. Focusing on information relevant to the situation model of a text (the gist of a text) produced higher levels of metacomprehension accuracy, which is consistent with situation model hypothesis. 相似文献
997.
Jacqueline F. I. Anderson Michael M. Saling Velandai K. Srikanth Amanda G. Thrift Geoffrey A. Donnan 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2008,2(2):373-385
Patients who have suffered a single clinical lacunar syndrome, in the absence of any previous clinical stroke, have a varying neuroradiological profile. We examined general cognition in 30 nonaphasic first‐ever lacunar syndrome participants, using a battery of standard clinical neuropsychological measures. At a group level, stroke participants did not demonstrate any cognitive impairment relative to well‐matched community‐based controls up to 12 months after stroke. There was also no evidence of increased frequencies of mild cognitive impairment after a single clinical lacunar syndrome relative to matched control participants within the first year post‐stroke. The current findings represent the first investigation of the cognitive outcome of nonaphasic individuals who have a first‐ever clinical lacunar syndrome. It was concluded that a clinically diagnosed first ever stroke event, presenting as a lacunar syndrome, was not associated with an elevated risk of developing mild cognitive impairment 12 months post‐stroke. 相似文献
998.
In recent years the overlap between visual perception and memory has shed light on our understanding of both. When ambiguous images that normally cause perception to waver unpredictably are presented briefly with intervening blank periods, perception tends to freeze, locking into one interpretation. This indicates that there is a form of memory storage across the blank interval. This memory trace codes low-level characteristics of the stored stimulus. Although a trace is evident after a single perceptual instance, the trace builds over many separate stimulus presentations, indicating a flexible, variable-length time-course. This memory shares important characteristics with priming by non-ambiguous stimuli. Computational models now provide a framework to interpret many empirical observations. 相似文献
999.
Matthew J. Anderson Diana L. Karash Katie M. Ashton David C. Riccio 《Learning and motivation》2003,34(4):341-353
The effects of original training-stimulus pre-test reminders were examined in a novel object recognition (NOR) task. NOR is a task that examines memory for complex stimuli, and is driven by the rats’ tendency to spend significantly more time exploring novel objects over those previously experienced. In this task, a delay is imposed between a training experience during which the animal is allowed to investigate a set of identical objects, and a later test exposure where the animal encounters one of the original objects and a novel object with which it has had no previous experience. Experiment 1 demonstrated that performance at 24 h is significantly worse than at an immediate delay (1 min). In the second experiment, it was demonstrated that neither a 10-s nor a 30-s reminder treatment, in the absence of training, resulted in a level of preference for novelty, a measure of memory for the original object, that was significantly greater than chance. Experiment 3 illustrated significant performance effects of a 30-s training stimulus reminder administered 15 min prior to test with a 24-h retention interval. The final experiment illustrated that the additional 30-s of object exposure is effective in enhancing performance only if it occurs shortly prior to test. Animals receiving the additional 30-s immediately following training did not experience such beneficial effects. It was concluded, based upon these results, that pre-test training-stimulus reminders in this task produce effects similar to those seen in more traditional tasks of learning and memory. 相似文献
1000.
The increasing availability of violent video games and their implication in recent school shootings has raised the volume of public debate on the effects of such games on aggressive behavior and related variables. This article reports an experiment designed to test key hypotheses concerning the short term impact of exposure to violent video games on young women, a population that has received relatively little attention in this research literature. Results were that brief exposure to a violent video game increased aggressive behavior. Mediational analyses suggested that the violent video game effect on aggression was not mediated by instrumental aggressive motivation, but was partially mediated by revenge motivation. Other results suggested that the violent video game effect on aggression might be greater when the game player controls a same‐sex violent game character. Aggr. Behav. 29:423–429, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献