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101.
Learning what to eat and what not to eat is fundamental to our well-being, quality of life, and survival. In particular, the acquisition of conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) protects all animals (including humans) against ingesting foods that contain poisons or toxins. Counterintuitively, CTAs can also develop in situations in which we know with absolute certainty that the food did not cause the subsequent aversive systemic effect. Recent nonhuman animal research, analyzing palatability shifts, has indicated that a wider range of stimuli than has been traditionally acknowledged can induce CTAs. This article integrates these new findings with a reappraisal of some known characteristics of CTA and presents a novel conceptual analysis that is broader and more comprehensive than previous accounts of CTA learning. 相似文献
102.
Linguistic and non‐linguistic pattern learning have been studied separately, but we argue for a comparative approach. Analogous inductive problems arise in phonological and visual pattern learning. Evidence from three experiments shows that human learners can solve them in analogous ways, and that human performance in both cases can be captured by the same models. We test GMECCS (Gradual Maximum Entropy with a Conjunctive Constraint Schema), an implementation of the Configural Cue Model (Gluck & Bower, 1988a ) in a Maximum Entropy phonotactic‐learning framework (Goldwater & Johnson, 2003 ; Hayes & Wilson, 2008 ) with a single free parameter, against the alternative hypothesis that learners seek featurally simple algebraic rules (“rule‐seeking”). We study the full typology of patterns introduced by Shepard, Hovland, and Jenkins ( 1961 ) (“SHJ”), instantiated as both phonotactic patterns and visual analogs, using unsupervised training. Unlike SHJ, Experiments 1 and 2 found that both phonotactic and visual patterns that depended on fewer features could be more difficult than those that depended on more features, as predicted by GMECCS but not by rule‐seeking. GMECCS also correctly predicted performance differences between stimulus subclasses within each pattern. A third experiment tried supervised training (which can facilitate rule‐seeking in visual learning) to elicit simple rule‐seeking phonotactic learning, but cue‐based behavior persisted. We conclude that similar cue‐based cognitive processes are available for phonological and visual concept learning, and hence that studying either kind of learning can lead to significant insights about the other. 相似文献
103.
Joe Morrison 《Synthese》2010,173(3):335-352
This paper is an examination of evidential holism, a prominent position in epistemology and the philosophy of science which
claims that experiments only ever confirm or refute entire theories. The position is historically associated with W.V. Quine,
and it is at once both popular and notorious, as well as being largely under-described. But even though there’s no univocal
statement of what holism is or what it does, philosophers have nevertheless made substantial assumptions about its content
and its truth. Moreover they have drawn controversial and important conclusions from these assumptions. In this paper I distinguish
three types of evidential holism and argue that the most oft-cited and controversial thesis is entirely unmotivated. The other
two theses are much overlooked, but are well-motivated and free from controversial implications. 相似文献
104.
Tina In-Albon Joe Kossowsky Silvia Schneider 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(2):225-235
The vigilance-avoidance attention pattern is found in anxious adults, who initially gaze more at threatening pictures than nonanxious adults (vigilance),
but subsequently gaze less at them than nonanxious adults (avoidance). The present research, using eye tracking methodology,
tested whether anxious children show the same pattern. Children with separation anxiety disorder or no mental disorder viewed
pairs of pictures, while the direction of their gaze was tracked. Each picture pair showed one picture of a woman separating
from a child, the other picture of a woman reuniting with a child. The results supported the vigilance-avoidance model in
children. Although the two groups’ gaze direction did not differ during the first second of viewing, anxious children gazed
significantly more at separating (threatening) pictures than nonanxious children after a period of 1 s. But after 3 s the
pattern reversed: anxious children gazed significantly less at the separating pictures than nonanxious children. 相似文献
105.
106.
Joe Moran 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》2019,34(1):173-191
The Irish Roman Catholic Church has been a dominant institution in Irish society for generations but this dominance has declined in recent decades due to modernisation and secularisation. Since the mid-1990s, the Church has been rocked by scandals of clerical and religious sex abuse of children, which has had a negative impact on its moral standing in Irish society. As a result of the economic crash in 2008, a programme of severe austerity was introduced by the Irish government. In this article, the response of the Irish Catholic Bishops to the recession and austerity measures is assessed through the analysis of their public statements which are available through the news archive of the Irish Bishops’ Conference. The findings show that the Bishops did criticise the socio-economic policies of the Irish government but this was limited due to a range of institutional barriers. 相似文献
107.
Bettina Gabrielle V. Tenorio Joseph Aaron S. Joe Roberto Carlo M. Tamayo 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2019,32(1):63-80
Robust literature on commuter stress has shown the multiple impact of daily commuting in people's lives. Framed within a rhizomatic approach to narratives, we analyzed stories of 11 working and 9 student Filipino commuters by looking at the ways they act on or reconstruct themselves to manage stress. In urban Metro Manila, our findings showed three narrative “stress entryways”: getting caught by the wave, seating privileges, and stuck in transit. Theoretical and practical implications of findings on commuter well-being (e.g., keeping emotions in, releasing tensions), technologies of the “fit” commuter, and enriching conversations in traffic psychology and urban living are discussed. 相似文献
108.
Our understanding of learning difficulties largely comes from children with specific diagnoses or individuals selected from community/clinical samples according to strict inclusion criteria. Applying strict exclusionary criteria overemphasizes within group homogeneity and between group differences, and fails to capture comorbidity. Here, we identify cognitive profiles in a large heterogeneous sample of struggling learners, using unsupervised machine learning in the form of an artificial neural network. Children were referred to the Centre for Attention Learning and Memory (CALM) by health and education professionals, irrespective of diagnosis or comorbidity, for problems in attention, memory, language, or poor school progress (n = 530). Children completed a battery of cognitive and learning assessments, underwent a structural MRI scan, and their parents completed behavior questionnaires. Within the network we could identify four groups of children: (a) children with broad cognitive difficulties, and severe reading, spelling and maths problems; (b) children with age‐typical cognitive abilities and learning profiles; (c) children with working memory problems; and (d) children with phonological difficulties. Despite their contrasting cognitive profiles, the learning profiles for the latter two groups did not differ: both were around 1 SD below age‐expected levels on all learning measures. Importantly a child's cognitive profile was not predicted by diagnosis or referral reason. We also constructed whole‐brain structural connectomes for children from these four groupings (n = 184), alongside an additional group of typically developing children (n = 36), and identified distinct patterns of brain organization for each group. This study represents a novel move toward identifying data‐driven neurocognitive dimensions underlying learning‐related difficulties in a representative sample of poor learners. 相似文献
109.
Fabry disease is a multi-systemic X-linked genetic disorder which has progressive and deadly consequences for those it afflicts.
Fabry disease symptoms are widely recognized as a substantive burden for affected males. In comparison, female heterozygotes
have traditionally been viewed as relatively symptom-free, though a debate continues about whether and how much they suffer
with the disease. Previous research suggests that females with Fabry disease may be triply disadvantaged in healthcare settings
owing to: (1) disease rarity, (2) devalued carrier status, and (3) gender. The combined effects of these three factors suggest
that female heterozygotes may suffer substantially with Fabry disease symptoms. A qualitative analysis of a brief disease-specific
questionnaire provides supportive evidence. The female Fabry disease participants described experiencing significant symptoms
that interfered with their lives. They also described unsatisfying experiences with healthcare professionals related to disease
rarity, carrier status, and gender. The results of this study corroborate the suggestion that this triple disadvantage exists
and may preclude appropriate management and treatment of females with Fabry disease. The role of healthcare professionals,
including genetic counselors, in remedying this disadvantage is reviewed. 相似文献
110.
The activities of voluntary or ‘paraprofessional’ counsellors, who work for free, represent a highly significant component of the delivery of psychological therapy in Britain and other countries. However, in recent years there has been relatively little published research into issues associated with the provision of service by counsellors who work on a voluntary part‐time basis, and who typically receive limited training and supervision. This paper introduces a special theme section on counselling in the voluntary sector, which highlights some recent examples of research into the context, organisation, training and effectiveness of such counsellors. Some suggestions are made concerning the research agenda for counselling in the voluntary sector. 相似文献