UFO和声称的绑架事件调查(四)——被外星人绑架

至于被绑架者故事,也并不新鲜。比如,关于仙女被飞龙绑架,后被一个勇敢的剑士救回的故事,就是这样的传说。乡间传说的被绑架者也只不过是每个民族都存在的这种故事的组成部分。骑着巫师的扫把或被仙女用马车带走,也是许多不同民族中流传的民间故事。所以,在我们自己的时代遇到这样的故事也一点都不奇怪。     

School-Wide Behavioral Support: Starting the Year Off Right

Two years of office referral data are presented in evaluation of a school-wide behavioral support program designed to define, teach, and reward appropriate student behavior in a rural middle school (grades 6, 7, and 8). During 1994-95, the school had 530 students and recorded 2,628 office referrals. The 1995-96 school year began with a full day in which students were taught five school expectations. Throughout the year, students also received rewards for appropriate behavior and office referrals for infractions. Results during 1995-96 document a 42% reduction in office referrals from the previous year. While the evaluation results do not document functional relationship, they suggest an efficient process for evaluating school-wide behavioral support, teaching appropriate behaviors, and changing the overall climate of the school. Implications for future research, and the use of schools as a unit of analysis, are discussed.     

The abstraction of musical ideas

Music presents information both sequentially, in the form of musical phrases, and simultaneously, in the form of chord structure. The ability to abstract musical structure presented sequentially and simultaneously was investigated using modified versions of the Bransford and Franks’ (1971) paradigm. Listeners heard subsets of musical ideas. The abstraction hypothesis predicted (1) false recognition of novel instances of the abstracted musical idea, (2) confidence of “recognition” should increase as recognition items approximate the complete musical idea, (3) correct rejection of “noncases,” which deviate from the acquired musical structure. Experiment 1 investigated sequential abstraction by using four-phrase folk melodies as musical ideas. Predictions 1 and 3 were confirmed, but the false recognition rate decreased as the number of phrases increased. Listeners were sensitive to improper combinations of phrases and to novel melodies different from melodies presented during acquisition. Experiment 2 investigated simultaneous abstraction using four-voice Bach chorales as musical ideas. Listeners spontaneously integrated choral subsets into holistic musical ideas. Musically trained listeners were better than naive listeners at identifying noncases.     

Illness and Satisfaction With Medical Care

Patients who have worse physical or mental health are less satisfied with their medical care than patients in better health. This article describes research that explores the causal underpinnings of this correlation. Does poor health cause dissatisfaction, or does dissatisfaction cause poor health? And is the dissatisfaction of sicker patients attributable to their own state of mind, or rather to how they are treated by their doctors? It appears that, predominantly, dissatisfaction follows from poorer health rather than vice versa, and moreover that sicker patients' negative outlook is a pervasive cause of their lower satisfaction. However, there is also evidence that physicians' reactions to sicker patients, in the form of curtailed social conversation, also play a role in the reduced satisfaction of these patients.     

Maximizing the coefficient of generalizability in multi-facet decision studies

For random-model, fully-crossed, two- and three-facet experimental designs the following two problems were considered. First, equations were developed for determining the optimal number of conditions of a facet for maximizing the coefficient of generalizability under the constraint that the total number of observations per subject is constant. Second, the problem of determining the minimum number of observations per subject for a specified generalizability coefficient is solved for the two-facet crossed design.     

Comparison of Black and White Boys' Performance in Self-paced and Reactive Sports Activities

This study provided support for Worthy and Markle's thesis that whites excel at self-paced and blacks at reactive sports activities, by assessing the performance of 55 white and 122 black fourth-grade boys playing a modified soccer game. The research also explored the relationships between several dimensions of socialization (e.g., father presence-absence) and relative performance on the self-paced-reactive dimension. Two significant correlations emerged: Regardless of their own racial identity, boys who excelled at the self-paced activity tended to have several younger siblings and to attend schools with a sizeable representation of white students. Subsequent interviews revealed that black and white boys did not differ in their preference for self-paced and reactive sports activities.     

Effects of association and repetition in memory for temporal order

Temporal order recognition memory has been examined previously with tasks involving a recency judgment between a pair of items in a preceding string. Recency judgments are impaired when the earlier item is repeated. The present study employed the comparative recency judgment paradigm, with the lists composed of words. The effect of the inclusion in the list of a high associate of the earlier test item was examined and compared to the effect of repetition. Associative interference was observed, but not in all conditions. Direction of association was a significant factor. The results were interpreted in terms of a model of word recognition proposed by Morton.     

Emotional ties that bind: the roles of valence and consistency of group emotion in inferences of cohesiveness and common fate

In three studies, observers based inferences about the cohesiveness and common fate of groups on the emotions expressed by group members. The valence of expressions affected cohesiveness inferences, whereas the consistency of expressions affected inferences of whether members have common fate. These emotion composition effects were stronger than those due to the race or sex composition of the group. Furthermore, the authors show that emotion valence and consistency are differentially involved in judgments about the degree to which the group as a whole was responsible for group performance. Finally, it is demonstrated that valence-cohesiveness effects are mediated by inferences of interpersonal liking and that consistency-common fate effects are mediated by inferences of psychological similarity. These findings have implications for the literature on entitativity and regarding the function of emotions in social contexts.