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191.
Our findings draw attention to the interpersonal communication function of a relatively unexplored dimension of emotions—the level of social engagement versus disengagement. In four experiments, regardless of valence and target group gender, observers infer greater relational well-being (more cohesiveness and less conflict) between group members from socially engaging (sadness and appreciation) versus disengaging (anger and pride) emotion expressions. Supporting our argument that social (dis)engagement is a critical dimension communicated by these emotions, we demonstrate (1) that inferences about group members' self-interest mediate the effect of socially engaging emotions on cohesiveness and (2) that the influence of socially disengaging emotion expressions on inferences of conflict is attenuated when groups have collectivistic norms (i.e., members value a high level of social engagement). Furthermore, we show an important downstream consequence of these inferences of relational well-being: Groups that seem less cohesive because of their members' proud (versus appreciative) expressions are also expected to have worse task performance. 相似文献
192.
This study proposes a model based on transactive memory theory to analyze team performance. In the proposed model, team performance is influenced by hypercompetition and emotional regulation directly and indirectly via the mediation of transactive memory and knowledge sharing. According to the model, the direct effect of knowledge sharing on team performance is moderated by both hypercompetition and emotional regulation. Empirical testing of this model, using team personnel in banking, insurance, and financing firms, confirmed the applicability of the transactive memory theory among these service firms’ work teams. Managerial implications and research limitations are discussed. 相似文献
193.
The association between adolescents' and young adults' attitudes toward suicide and their own suicidality across five racial-ethnic classifications was studied in a nationally representative sample of 3,301 youth ages 14 to 22 years from the National Annenberg Risk Survey of Youth. Results indicate that adolescents and young adults who most strongly believe that it is acceptable to end one's life are more than fourteen times more likely to make a plan to kill themselves as those who do not have such beliefs (p < .001). Future behavioral prevention and intervention research should take into consideration adolescents' and young adults' approval of suicide as a risk factor for taking their own lives. 相似文献
194.
This investigation was guided by social categorization theory and the contact hypothesis. A convenience sample of 89 adults provided survey data to test the hypothesis that non‐Amish individuals who shared more contact with Old Order Amish would report more positive attitudes (less attitudinal bias) toward the Amish than would individuals who shared less contact. Blockwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that after controlling for demographic factors and known correlates of attitudinal bias, deep (but not superficial) contact was significantly related to positive attitudes toward the Amish. Deep contact and need for cognition explained 29.4% of the variance in attitudes that non‐Amish people held toward Old Order Amish. Application of these findings, suggestions for future research, and study limitations are discussed. 相似文献
195.
D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDA receptor agonist, facilitates extinction of learned fear in rats and has been used to treat anxiety disorders in clinical populations. However, research into the effects of DCS on extinction is still in its infancy, with visual cues being the primary fear-eliciting stimuli under investigation. In both human and animal subjects odors have been found to associate strongly with aversive events. Therefore, this study examined the generality of the effects of DCS on extinction by testing odor cues. Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned and extinguished to an odor using varying parameters, injected with either saline or DCS (15 mg/kg) following extinction, and then tested for a freezing response 24 h later. Experiment 1 demonstrated that after 3 odor-shock pairings, rats did not display short-term extinction and DCS had no effect on long-term extinction. Experiment 2 demonstrated that after 3 odor-noise pairings, rats displayed significant short-term extinction and DCS significantly facilitated long-term extinction. Following 2 odor-shock pairings in Experiment 3, half the rats displayed short-term extinction ("extinguishers") and half did not ("non-extinguishers"). DCS facilitated long-term extinction in the "extinguishers" condition but not in the "non-extinguishers" condition. In Experiment 4, following 2 odor-shock pairings and an extra extinction session, DCS had a significant facilitatory effect on long-term extinction. Thus, extinction of freezing to an odor cue was facilitated by systemic injections of DCS, but only when some amount of within-session extinction occurred prior to injection. 相似文献
196.
The ways in which visual categories are learned, and in which well-established categories are represented and retrieved, are
fundamental issues of cognitive neuroscience. Researchers have typically studied these issues separately, and the transition
from the initial phase of category learning to expertise is poorly characterized. The acquisition of novel categories has
been shown to depend on the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, whereas visual category expertise has been shown
to involve changes in inferior temporal cortex. The goal of the present experiment is to understand the respective roles of
these brain regions in the transition from initial learning to expertise when category judgments are being made. Subjects
were explicitly trained, over 2 days, to classify realistic faces. Subjects then performed the categorization task during
fMRI scanning, as well as a perceptual matching task, in order to characterize how brain regions respond to these faces when
not explicitly categorizing them. We found that, during face categorization, face-selective inferotemporal cortex, lateral
prefrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum are more responsive to faces near the category boundary, which are most difficult to
categorize. In contrast, the hippocampus and left superior frontal sulcus responded most to faces farthest from the category
boundary. These dissociable effects suggest that there are several distinct neural mechanisms involved in categorization,
and provide a framework for understanding the contribution of each of these brain regions in categorization. 相似文献
197.
Although Bangladesh is known as one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in the world, qualitative research
and anecdotal evidence suggests its people report levels of happiness that are higher than those found in many other countries.
This includes ‘developed’ countries where people have larger per capita incomes and can access a wider range of public services
and goods. The paper explores this apparent paradox by analysing primary quantitative and qualitative data, and engaging with
existing literature on happiness and objective wellbeing in Bangladesh. The data and analysis presented makes an original
and timely contribution to the limited knowledge we have of the construction and experience of happiness and life satisfaction
in contexts of extreme and persistent economic poverty. It identifies and offers insights into the ‘personal’ as well as social
or ‘relational’ values and goals that people in Bangladesh consider important to achieve happiness in life. It also reflects
on how different people experience these values and goals in very different ways. This, we argue, leads to a better understanding
of the influence of the social and cultural context in the construction of people’s happiness. In the conclusion, we reflect
on the policy implications of our findings.
相似文献
Laura CamfieldEmail: |
198.
We explored whether a rising trend to blindly “overcopy” a model’s causally irrelevant actions between 3 and 5 years of age, found in previous studies, predicts a more circumspect disposition in much younger children. Children between 23 and 30 months of age observed a model use a tool to retrieve a reward from either a transparent or opaque puzzle box. Some of the tool actions were irrelevant to reward retrieval, whereas others were causally necessary. The causal relevance of the tool actions was highly visible in the transparent box condition, allowing the participants to potentially discriminate which actions were necessary. In contrast, the causal efficacy of the tool was hidden in the opaque box condition. When both the 23- and 30-month-olds were presented with either the transparent or opaque box, they were most commonly emulative rather than imitative, performing only the causally necessary actions. This strategy contrasts with the blanket imitation of both causally irrelevant and causally relevant actions witnessed at 3 and 5 years of age in our previous studies. The results challenge a current view of 1- and 2-year-olds as largely “blind imitators”; instead, they show that these young children have a variety of social learning processes available to them. More broadly the emerging patterns of results suggest, rather counterintuitively, that the human species becomes more imitative rather than less imitative with age, in some ways “mindlessly” so. 相似文献
199.
Companies consider social media‐based consumer engagement behaviors such as sharing, content creation, and reviews for brands as more valuable than “liking” or consuming brand content. Studies show that branded content shared or created by consumers on social media may drive more brand awareness and loyalty than “likes” (Adweek, 2013). Global companies are increasingly focusing their efforts on motivating consumer‐driven content creation (e.g., Coca‐Cola #shareacoke and Apple #ShotoniPhone; Sprout Index, 2018). However, marketing practitioners are only recently beginning to understand social media audiences who engage in such activities (Adweek, 2018). This study posits that human values can be used to identify and segment audiences for social media‐based valuable brand activities. Three online surveys were conducted with Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram users (ages 18–34) on Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 491). The relationship between social media users' values and their reported social media activities was examined. Findings indicate that the human values examined (conservation, self‐enhancement, openness to change and self‐transcendence) are significant drivers of valuable brand‐related social media activities. Companies should address conservation‐driven users in order to elicit brand sharing and creation activities. Companies should target conservation‐driven users for sharing promotions, self‐enhancement‐driven users for sharing informational content and writing of product reviews, and openness to change‐driven users for user‐generated content. Bussinesses should further highlight their corporate social responsibility efforts as a negative relationship is found between users' self‐transcendence values and brand activities. Recommendations are provided on how brandscan address users' values in their social media marketing to motivate sharing of branded content and content creation. 相似文献
200.
在未受良好教育的人面前,类似UFO故事的墨迹很难干去。从前有个传播者叫乔治·亚当姆斯基(George Adamski,1891-1965),与一个英国作家戴斯蒙德·雷司列(Desmond Leslie)合著,出版了一本书,书名叫《飞碟登陆》(英国图书中心,1952)。按照亚当姆斯基的说法,他从事飞碟业是因为在宗教领域没有赚到钱,亚当姆斯基来到美国,兜售他的书,并到处讲他去金星、火星和土星旅行的情景。我们听过他在肯塔基路易斯威尔的演讲,在这次演讲中,他说了一些在金星表面上行走的情形。在提问过程中,我们问他的脚是否已经好了。“你这是什么意思?”他问。“因为金… 相似文献