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141.
Our understanding of learning difficulties largely comes from children with specific diagnoses or individuals selected from community/clinical samples according to strict inclusion criteria. Applying strict exclusionary criteria overemphasizes within group homogeneity and between group differences, and fails to capture comorbidity. Here, we identify cognitive profiles in a large heterogeneous sample of struggling learners, using unsupervised machine learning in the form of an artificial neural network. Children were referred to the Centre for Attention Learning and Memory (CALM) by health and education professionals, irrespective of diagnosis or comorbidity, for problems in attention, memory, language, or poor school progress (n = 530). Children completed a battery of cognitive and learning assessments, underwent a structural MRI scan, and their parents completed behavior questionnaires. Within the network we could identify four groups of children: (a) children with broad cognitive difficulties, and severe reading, spelling and maths problems; (b) children with age‐typical cognitive abilities and learning profiles; (c) children with working memory problems; and (d) children with phonological difficulties. Despite their contrasting cognitive profiles, the learning profiles for the latter two groups did not differ: both were around 1 SD below age‐expected levels on all learning measures. Importantly a child's cognitive profile was not predicted by diagnosis or referral reason. We also constructed whole‐brain structural connectomes for children from these four groupings (n = 184), alongside an additional group of typically developing children (n = 36), and identified distinct patterns of brain organization for each group. This study represents a novel move toward identifying data‐driven neurocognitive dimensions underlying learning‐related difficulties in a representative sample of poor learners. 相似文献
142.
Fabry disease is a multi-systemic X-linked genetic disorder which has progressive and deadly consequences for those it afflicts.
Fabry disease symptoms are widely recognized as a substantive burden for affected males. In comparison, female heterozygotes
have traditionally been viewed as relatively symptom-free, though a debate continues about whether and how much they suffer
with the disease. Previous research suggests that females with Fabry disease may be triply disadvantaged in healthcare settings
owing to: (1) disease rarity, (2) devalued carrier status, and (3) gender. The combined effects of these three factors suggest
that female heterozygotes may suffer substantially with Fabry disease symptoms. A qualitative analysis of a brief disease-specific
questionnaire provides supportive evidence. The female Fabry disease participants described experiencing significant symptoms
that interfered with their lives. They also described unsatisfying experiences with healthcare professionals related to disease
rarity, carrier status, and gender. The results of this study corroborate the suggestion that this triple disadvantage exists
and may preclude appropriate management and treatment of females with Fabry disease. The role of healthcare professionals,
including genetic counselors, in remedying this disadvantage is reviewed. 相似文献
143.
Margaret L. Vaaler Christopher G. Ellison Karissa D. Horton John P. Marcum 《Pastoral Psychology》2008,56(5):533-546
Despite the recurrent public and academic controversies over the issue of corporal punishment, few studies have examined the
attitudes of clergy members. This oversight is noteworthy, because clergy members may influence the beliefs and behaviors
of church members and others via their roles in parish ministry, counseling, and civic leadership. Our study addresses this
gap in the research literature using data from a nationwide sample of Presbyterian Church (USA) clergy members. Key findings
include the following: (a) Approval of corporal punishment is higher among male, non-white, less affluent, and parish (vs.
specialized) clergy; (b) Theological conservatism is unrelated to corporal punishment attitudes, but political conservatism
and Republican Party leanings are strongly predictive of greater approval of physical discipline; and (c) Clergy members who
know someone in their congregation who has experienced abuse are less supportive of the corporal punishment of children, although
direct personal experiences with physical or emotional abuse are less consistently related to corporal punishment attitudes.
Several implications and promising directions for future research are discussed.
相似文献
Margaret L. VaalerEmail: |
144.
145.
The activities of voluntary or ‘paraprofessional’ counsellors, who work for free, represent a highly significant component of the delivery of psychological therapy in Britain and other countries. However, in recent years there has been relatively little published research into issues associated with the provision of service by counsellors who work on a voluntary part‐time basis, and who typically receive limited training and supervision. This paper introduces a special theme section on counselling in the voluntary sector, which highlights some recent examples of research into the context, organisation, training and effectiveness of such counsellors. Some suggestions are made concerning the research agenda for counselling in the voluntary sector. 相似文献
146.
Online data collection, through e‐mail and Web‐based surveys, is becoming an increasingly popular research methodology. In this article, the authors outline the benefits and limitations of this type of data collection to help researchers determine whether their data could be collected online in a way that retains the integrity of the data. A detailed procedure, including strategies to manage limitations, is given for researchers wishing to conduct their own online surveys. 相似文献
147.
International Journal for Philosophy of Religion - 相似文献
148.
Mary M. Herrald Joe Tomaka Amanda Y. Medina 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(6):1107-1123
This experiment examined the effects of pet ownership and potential mediating (e.g., social support) and moderating variables (e.g., gender, personality, pet attachment) on completion of a 12‐week cardiac rehabilitation program. This experiment assessed pet ownership, personality, and psychosocial variables at the beginning of the program and followed participants through to completion. Results showed that pet owners (96.5%) were significantly more likely to complete cardiac rehabilitation compared with non‐owners (79.2%). Covariance analyses ruled out several alternative explanations for the results, including social support, personality variables, personal efficacy, and pet attachment. Results suggest that having a pet may facilitate rehabilitation and that further research is needed to understand how having a pet or being a pet owner improves health outcomes. 相似文献
149.
Joe Winston 《International Journal of Children's Spirituality》2002,7(3):241-255
The field of drama and moral education has been given some theoretical attention in recent years but little if any theorising has been applied to the area of drama and spiritual education. In UK schools, however, the spiritual education of children is seen as one of a school's core functions and a spiritual dimension has often been important in the global history of drama and acting. Various and conflicting definitions of spirituality and approaches to spiritual education exist. In this article, I begin with an attempt to make connections between these approaches and recent epistemologies of drama education. I then outline a possible theoretical framework for defining spirituality, influenced largely by anthropological and cultural studies, and exemplify it by drawing upon examples from existing practices in the fields of theatre and educational drama. I then conclude by speculating as to how these ideas might find practical expression within a drama curriculum. 相似文献
150.
Scott L. Horton 《Journal of Adult Development》2002,9(4):277-290
Five new or returning midlife university students were asked to provide metaphors describing their experience of midlife change, change indicated by their attending university at this point in their lives. Five resulting portraits (S. Lawrence-Lightfoot & J. H. Davis, 1997) were created, based on participant-invoked metaphors: personal rebellion against colonization, stage productions, collection and accumulation, journey home, and alchemy and metamorphosis. The portraits indicate that even from within widely divergent metaphoric conceptualizations, the respondents all find midlife to be an active, positive, and hopeful period of life. For them midlife is decidedly neither crisis nor dull plateau. Further, given the richness of the metaphor use, the study demonstrates the desirability of listening carefully to and moreover expressly soliciting metaphoric usage, in order to more fully understand people's inner realities. Finally, the portraits reveal that the participants' metaphoric conceptions are deeply imbedded in their lives, past and current, and as such identify life themes. 相似文献