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111.
Jochen Schaefer 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1980,1(2):155-176
Coronary by-pass surgery has been performed in hundreds of thousands of patients in the last 15 years with a high standard of technical and surgical perfection. The indications for this kind of surgery, however, are still controversial because in spite of many retrospective and several prospective studies it cannot be proven convincingly that in a given patient this surgical procedure will prolong life or prevent myocardial infarction. The present attempt to analyze the causes for this controversy shows that the main reasons for this uncertainty lie: (a) in the enigma of the underlying (ischemic heart) disease itself, which is supposed to lend itself to surgical therapy; (b) in the inadequate methods available up until now for characterizing the state of the disease, its probable course, and its pathogenesis; and (c) in the professional group interests which have a momentum of their own. 相似文献
112.
Suslow T Ohrmann P Bauer J Rauch AV Schwindt W Arolt V Heindel W Kugel H 《Brain and cognition》2006,61(3):243-248
It has been argued that critical functions of the human amygdala are to modulate the moment-to-moment vigilance level and to enhance the processing and the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing material. In this functional magnetic resonance study, pictures of human faces bearing fearful, angry, and happy expressions were presented to nine healthy volunteers using a backward masking procedure based on neutral facial expression. Activation of the left and right amygdala in response to the masked fearful faces (compared to neutral faces) was significantly correlated with the number of fearful faces detected. In addition, right but not left amygdala activation in response to the masked angry faces was significantly related to the number of angry faces detected. The present findings underscore the role of the amygdala in the detection and consolidation of memory for marginally perceptible threatening facial expression. 相似文献
113.
Study 1 examined whether cultural estrangement arises from discrepancies between personal and societal values (e.g., freedom) rather than from discrepancies in attitudes toward political (e.g., censorship) or mundane (e.g., pizza) objects. The relations between different types of value discrepancies, estrangement, subjective well-being, and need for uniqueness also were examined. Results indicated that personal-societal discrepancies in values and political attitudes predicted estrangement, whereas mundane attitude discrepancies were not related to estrangement. As expected, value discrepancies were the most powerful predictor of estrangement. Value discrepancies were not related to subjective well-being but fulfilled a need for uniqueness. Study 2 replicated the relations between value discrepancies, subjective well-being, and need for uniqueness while showing that a self-report measure of participants' values and a peer-report measure of the participants' values yielded the same pattern of value discrepancies. Together, the studies reveal theoretical and empirical benefits of conceptualizing cultural estrangement in terms of value discrepancies. 相似文献
114.
115.
Jochen Becker 《Argumentation》1993,7(1):67-87
While a lucid and understandable interpretation can be given for most pictures, typically Dutch paintings (i.e. seventeenth-century genre and still-life pictures) seem to allow for or even demand some measure of freedom for the beholder. The cause of this ambiguity lies in the typically Protestant disregard for works of art and in a concomitant characteristic of these works: they address the viewer in an ethical manner.In memoriam Sixten Ringbom, 1935-1992 相似文献
116.
Ulrich Kliegis Alexis C. M. Renirie Jochen Schaefer 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1986,7(3):233-238
The development of modern programmable pacemaker-systems has led to a series of questions which until now have apparently not existed in the treatment of cardiac rhythm disturbances. These questions touch especially on the problem of whether the relation which usually exists between a diagnostic step and its therapeutic consequence, namely its therapeutic relevance, is abolished or at least changed. 相似文献
117.
Compensation decisions have important consequences for employees and organizations and affect factors such as retention, motivation, and recruitment. Past research has primarily focused on mean performance as a predictor of compensation, promoting the implicit assumption that alternative aspects of dynamic performance are not relevant. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the influence of dynamic performance characteristics on compensation decisions in the National Basketball Association (NBA). We predicted that, in addition to performance mean, performance trend and variability would also affect compensation decisions. Results revealed that performance mean and trend, but not variability, were significantly and positively related to changes in compensation levels of NBA players. Moreover, trend (but not mean or variability) predicted compensation when controlling for future performance, suggesting that organizations overweighted trend in their compensation decisions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
118.
The need to belong can motivate belief in God. In Study 1, 40 undergraduates read bogus astrophysics articles "proving" God's existence or not offering proof. Participants in the proof-for-God condition reported higher belief in God (compared to control) when they chronically imagined God as accepting but lower belief in God when they imagined God as rejecting. Additionally, in Study 2 (72 undergraduates), these effects did not occur when participants' belongingness need was satisfied by priming close others. Study 3 manipulated 79 Internet participants' image of God. Chronic believers in the God-is-rejecting condition reported lower religious behavioral intentions than chronic believers in the God-is-accepting condition, and this effect was mediated by lower desires for closeness with God. In Study 4 (106 Internet participants), chronic believers with an accepting image of God reported that their belief in God is motivated by belongingness needs. 相似文献
119.
Surveys on sensitive issues provide distorted prevalence estimates when participants fail to respond truthfully. The randomized-response
technique (RRT) encourages more honest responding by adding random noise to responses, thereby removing any direct link between
a participant’s response and his or her true status with regard to a sensitive attribute. However, in spite of the increased
confidentiality, some respondents still refuse to disclose sensitive attitudes or behaviors. To remedy this problem, we propose
an extension of Mangat’s (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 56, 93–95, 1994) variant of the RRT that allows for determining whether participants respond truthfully. This method offers the genuine advantage
of providing undistorted prevalence estimates for sensitive attributes even if respondents fail to respond truthfully. We
show how to implement the method using both closed-form equations and easily accessible free software for multinomial processing
tree models. Moreover, we report the results of two survey experiments that provide evidence for the validity of our extension
of Mangat’s RRT approach. 相似文献
120.
Coomans D Deroost N Vandenbossche J Van den Bussche E Soetens E 《Experimental psychology》2012,59(5):279-285
We examined perceptual sequence learning by means of an adapted serial reaction time task in which eye movements were unnecessary for performing the sequence learning task. Participants had to respond to the identity of a target letter pair ("OX" or "XO") appearing in one of four locations. On the other locations, similar distractor letter pairs ("QY" or "YQ") were shown. While target identity changed randomly, target location was structured according to a deterministic sequence. To render eye movements superfluous, (1) stimulus letter pairs appeared around a fixation cross with a visual angle of 0.63°, which means that they appeared within the foveal visual area and (2) the letter pairs were presented for only 100 ms, a period too short to allow proper eye movements. Reliable sequence knowledge was acquired under these conditions, as responses were both slower and less accurate when the trained sequence was replaced by an untrained sequence. These results support the notion that perceptual sequence learning can be based on shifts of attention without overt oculomotor movements. 相似文献