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排序方式: 共有267条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
181.
Kevin N. Ochsner Rebecca R. Ray Brent Hughes Kateri McRae Jeffrey C. Cooper Jochen Weber John D.E. Gabrieli James J. Gross 《Psychological science》2009,20(11):1322-1331
ABSTRACT— Emotions are generally thought to arise through the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. However, prior work has not delineated their relative contributions. In a sample of 20 females, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of negative emotions generated by the bottom-up perception of aversive images and by the top-down interpretation of neutral images as aversive. We found that (a) both types of responses activated the amygdala, although bottom-up responses did so more strongly; (b) bottom-up responses activated systems for attending to and encoding perceptual and affective stimulus properties, whereas top-down responses activated prefrontal regions that represent high-level cognitive interpretations; and (c) self-reported affect correlated with activity in the amygdala during bottom-up responding and with activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during top-down responding. These findings provide a neural foundation for emotion theories that posit multiple kinds of appraisal processes and help to clarify mechanisms underlying clinically relevant forms of emotion dysregulation. 相似文献
182.
ABSTRACT— Adolescents are currently the defining users of the Internet. They spend more time online than adults do, and they use the Internet for social interaction more often than adults do. This article discusses the state of the literature on the consequences of online communication technologies (e.g., instant messaging) for adolescents' social connectedness and well-being. Whereas several studies in the 1990s suggested that Internet use is detrimental, recent studies tend to report opposite effects. We first explain why the results of more recent studies diverge from those of earlier studies. Then, we discuss a viable hypothesis to explain the recent findings: the Internet-enhanced self-disclosure hypothesis. Finally, we discuss some contingent factors that may deserve special attention in future research. 相似文献
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184.
Forstmann BU Ridderinkhof KR Kaiser J Bledowski C 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):286-296
A tool that is commonly used to investigate selection among different alternatives in a changing environment is the task-switching
paradigm. Functional neuroimaging has pointed out a role for the posterior medial frontal cortex and the posterior parietal
cortex in the voluntary selection of task sets. In the present study, we set out to investigate the temporal dynamics of these
agency-related processes (in task choice vs. no-choice conditions) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The results
revealed agency-related modulations of a series of ERP components, including (1) an early parieto-occipital activation, taken
to reflect the evaluation of choice versus no choice; (2) a subsequent medial frontal expression of the voluntary selection
between task sets; (3) a CNV-like sustained negativity in preparation for the target; (4) a target-induced N210—P210 complex,
taken to reflect early sensory-perceptual processing; and (5) a target-induced P3, associated with the evaluation of the stimulus
and its designated response vis-à-vis the chosen versus competing task sets. Together, these results indicate that the opportunity
to choose between tasks invokes activity originating from the medial frontal cortex, associated with voluntary task set selection,
but also activation at different time points in a number of other brain areas, not necessarily captured by functional neuroimaging. 相似文献
185.
Dipl.-Psych. Dr. Astrid Altenhöfer Wolfgang Schulz Reinold Schwab Jochen Eckert 《Psychotherapeut》2007,52(1):24-34
In this study we examined the effectiveness of an outpatient client-centered psychotherapy of patients with adjustment disorders (ICD-10 F43.2) limited to twelve sessions in comparison to an untreated control group. The patients of each group (ntreatment= 31 and ncontrol= 19) had been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder in response to one of the following stressful events: either the loss of an important person or performance deficits at work or university. Compared with the untreated control group the immediate therapy group improved significantly on rating scales and questionnaires. These positive treatment effects proved stable at a 3 months follow-up. Individual treatment gains were also analyzed for clinical and statistical significance. The improvements of the treatment group were significantly greater in all used measures than those of the control group. These improvements were interpreted as an effect of the client-centered treatment which resulted in high individual overall treatment gains and in high effectsizes. 相似文献
186.
Christina Hunger Rebecca Hilzinger Laura Klewinghaus Laura Deusser Anja Sander Johannes Mander Hinrich Bents Beate Ditzen Jochen Schweitzer 《Family process》2020,59(4):1389-1406
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to pilot the newly developed manualized and monitored systemic therapy (ST) for social anxiety disorder (SAD), as compared to manualized and monitored cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). We conducted a prospective multicenter, assessor-blind pilot RCT on 38 outpatients (ICD F40.1; Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID); Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, LSAS-SR >30). The primary outcome was level of social anxiety (LSAS-SR) at the end of treatment. A total of 252 persons were screened, and 38 patients were randomized and started therapy (CBT: 20 patients; ST: 18 patients; age: M = 36 years, SD = 14). Within-group, simple-effect intent-to-treat analyses (ITT) showed significant reduction in LSAS-SR (CBT:d = 1.04; ST:d = 1.67), while ITT mixed-design ANOVA demonstrated the advantage of ST (d = 0.81). Per-protocol analyses supported these results. Remission based on reliable change indices also demonstrated significant difference (LSAS-SR: 15% in CBT; 39% in ST;h: 0.550), supported by blind diagnosticians’ ratings of those who completed therapy (SCID; 45% in CBT, 78% in ST,p = .083). No adverse events were reported. CBT and ST both reduced social anxiety, supporting patient improvement with the newly developed ST for SAD; this has yet to be verified in a subsequent confirmatory RCT. 相似文献
187.
Jennifer A. Silvers Jocelyn Shu Alexa D. Hubbard Jochen Weber Kevin N. Ochsner 《Developmental science》2015,18(5):771-784
This study used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine a novel aspect of emotion regulation in adolescent development: whether age predicts differences in both the concurrent and lasting effects of emotion regulation on amygdala response. In the first, active regulation, phase of the testing session, fMRI data were collected while 56 healthy individuals (age range: 10.50–22.92 years) reappraised aversive stimuli so as to diminish negative responses to them. After a short delay, the second, re‐presentation, phase involved passively viewing the aversive images from the reappraisal task. During active regulation, older individuals showed greater drops in negative affect and inverse rostrolateral prefrontal‐amygdala connectivity. During re‐presentation, older individuals continued to show lasting reductions in the amygdala response to aversive stimuli they had previously reappraised, an effect mediated by rostrolateral PFC. These data suggest that one source of heightened emotionality in adolescence is a diminished ability to cognitively down‐regulate aversive reactions. 相似文献
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190.
Object-based attention enables us to simultaneously select and report two features from the same visual object. Does feature-based attention contribute similarly to visual selection? In the present study, we investigated the concurrent discrimination of two motion fields with a divided attention paradigm. We found that dual-task performance improved when the two fields conformed to a continuous optic flow, consistent with “object-based” selection. However, we found no such improvement when the two motion fields were merely similar, as would have been expected from “feature-based” selection. Therefore, feature similarity does not facilitate attentional selection in the same way as belonging to the same object does. 相似文献