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181.
Jochen E. Gebauer Michael Riketta Gregory R. Maio 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(5):1346-1354
We introduce a single-item implicit measure of global self-esteem. The measure is based on the mere-ownership effect and asks participants to indicate how much they like their name. Six studies attested to the validity of this measure. In addition to showing high test-retest reliability (r = .85), the studies found that Name-Liking was (a) unrelated to impression management, (b) positively related to the Name-Letter-Task, the Self-Esteem IAT, explicit self-esteem measures, and self-reported subjective well-being, (c) more strongly related to explicit measures of global than domain-specific self-esteem, (d) more strongly related to self-esteem judgments made spontaneously as well as under cognitive load, and (e) predicted observer-reported anxiety during an anxiety-inducing interview whereas an explicit measure of self-esteem did not. 相似文献
182.
Andreas Voss Klaus Rothermund Jochen Brandtstdter 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1048-1056
Interpreting ambiguous situations is not a purely data-driven process but can be biased towards positive interpretations by top-down influences. The present study tries to identify the underlying processes of these top-down influences. There are two separable types of processes that can be influenced by motivational biases: A perceptual bias affects information uptake whereas a judgmental bias affects acceptance criteria for positive and negative outcomes. In the present study, motivated influences on perception and judgment were investigated with a simple color discrimination task in which ambiguous stimuli had to be classified according to their dominating color. One of two colors indicated a financial gain or a loss, whereas a third color was neutral. To separate perceptual and judgmental biases, Ratcliff’s [Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59–108] diffusion model was employed. Results revealed motivational influences on perception and judgment. 相似文献
183.
Gerhard Blickle James A. Meurs Ingo Zettler Jutta Solga Daniela Noethen Jochen Kramer Gerald R. Ferris 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2008,(3):377-387
Based on the socioanalytic perspective of performance prediction [Hogan, R. (1991). Personality and personality assessment. In M. D. Dunnette, L. Hough, (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 873–919). Chicago: Rand McNally; Hogan, R., & Shelton, D. (1998). A socioanalytic perspective on job performance. Human Performance, 11, 129–144.], the present study tests whether motives to get along and to get ahead produce greater performance when interactively combined with social effectiveness. Specifically, we investigated whether interactions of the Five-Factor Model constructs of agreeableness and conscientiousness with political skill predict job performance. Our results supported our hypothesis for the agreeableness-political skill interaction. Additionally, after correcting for the unreliability and restricted range of conscientiousness, we found that its interaction with political skill also significantly predicted job performance, although not precisely as hypothesized. Implications of the results and directions for future research are provided. 相似文献
184.
Dipl.-Psych. Dr. Astrid Altenhöfer Wolfgang Schulz Reinold Schwab Jochen Eckert 《Psychotherapeut》2007,52(1):24-34
In this study we examined the effectiveness of an outpatient client-centered psychotherapy of patients with adjustment disorders (ICD-10 F43.2) limited to twelve sessions in comparison to an untreated control group. The patients of each group (ntreatment= 31 and ncontrol= 19) had been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder in response to one of the following stressful events: either the loss of an important person or performance deficits at work or university. Compared with the untreated control group the immediate therapy group improved significantly on rating scales and questionnaires. These positive treatment effects proved stable at a 3 months follow-up. Individual treatment gains were also analyzed for clinical and statistical significance. The improvements of the treatment group were significantly greater in all used measures than those of the control group. These improvements were interpreted as an effect of the client-centered treatment which resulted in high individual overall treatment gains and in high effectsizes. 相似文献
185.
Forstmann BU Ridderinkhof KR Kaiser J Bledowski C 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):286-296
A tool that is commonly used to investigate selection among different alternatives in a changing environment is the task-switching
paradigm. Functional neuroimaging has pointed out a role for the posterior medial frontal cortex and the posterior parietal
cortex in the voluntary selection of task sets. In the present study, we set out to investigate the temporal dynamics of these
agency-related processes (in task choice vs. no-choice conditions) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The results
revealed agency-related modulations of a series of ERP components, including (1) an early parieto-occipital activation, taken
to reflect the evaluation of choice versus no choice; (2) a subsequent medial frontal expression of the voluntary selection
between task sets; (3) a CNV-like sustained negativity in preparation for the target; (4) a target-induced N210—P210 complex,
taken to reflect early sensory-perceptual processing; and (5) a target-induced P3, associated with the evaluation of the stimulus
and its designated response vis-à-vis the chosen versus competing task sets. Together, these results indicate that the opportunity
to choose between tasks invokes activity originating from the medial frontal cortex, associated with voluntary task set selection,
but also activation at different time points in a number of other brain areas, not necessarily captured by functional neuroimaging. 相似文献
186.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
187.
Jennifer A. Silvers Jocelyn Shu Alexa D. Hubbard Jochen Weber Kevin N. Ochsner 《Developmental science》2015,18(5):771-784
This study used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine a novel aspect of emotion regulation in adolescent development: whether age predicts differences in both the concurrent and lasting effects of emotion regulation on amygdala response. In the first, active regulation, phase of the testing session, fMRI data were collected while 56 healthy individuals (age range: 10.50–22.92 years) reappraised aversive stimuli so as to diminish negative responses to them. After a short delay, the second, re‐presentation, phase involved passively viewing the aversive images from the reappraisal task. During active regulation, older individuals showed greater drops in negative affect and inverse rostrolateral prefrontal‐amygdala connectivity. During re‐presentation, older individuals continued to show lasting reductions in the amygdala response to aversive stimuli they had previously reappraised, an effect mediated by rostrolateral PFC. These data suggest that one source of heightened emotionality in adolescence is a diminished ability to cognitively down‐regulate aversive reactions. 相似文献
188.
Zusammenfassung
Bereits 1681 beklagte sich ein englischer Arzt in einem Brief über Patienten, die ohne jedes Ma? jene lieben, die sie alsbald
ohne jeden Grund hassen würden. Weiterhin seien pl?tzliche Ausbrüche von Wut, Schmerz, Angst oder ?hnlichen Emotionen zu beobachten.
Mit dieser frühen Beschreibung typischer Borderline-Symptome wird die Darstellung der Entwicklung der Theorie der Borderline-St?rung
von den Anf?ngen bis heute eingeleitet. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden der Stand der Diagnostik und die derzeit wichtigen Behandlungskonzepte
umrissen, und zwar die psychodynamischen, verhaltenstherapeutischen und klientenzentrierten Ans?tze. Es wird dargelegt, welche
Antworten es auf die Frage gibt, was das angemessene therapeutische Setting ist, insbesondere mit Blick auf station?re Behandlungskonzepte.
Die vorliegenden empirischen Studien best?tigen die Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie bei Borderline-St?rungen. Die geringe Zahl
der Studien belegt aber auch die Schwierigkeit der empirischen Forschung in diesem Bereich. Der abschlie?ende Ausblick in
die Zukunft der Psychotherapie der Borderline-Pers?nlichkeitsst?rungen prognostiziert eine weitere Zunahme von Pers?nlichkeitsst?rungen
im Spektrum psychiatrischer Erkrankungen und eine zunehmende Differenzierung des Behandlungsangebots bzw. Spezialisierung
der Behandler.
相似文献
189.
190.
For decades, sequential lineups have been considered superior to simultaneous lineups in the context of eyewitness identification. However, most of the research leading to this conclusion was based on the analysis of diagnosticity ratios that do not control for the respondent’s response criterion. Recent research based on the analysis of ROC curves has found either equal discriminability for sequential and simultaneous lineups, or higher discriminability for simultaneous lineups. Some evidence for potential position effects and for criterion shifts in sequential lineups has also been reported. Using ROC curve analysis, we investigated the effects of the suspect’s position on discriminability and response criteria in both simultaneous and sequential lineups. We found that sequential lineups suffered from an unwanted position effect. Respondents employed a strict criterion for the earliest lineup positions, and shifted to a more liberal criterion for later positions. No position effects and no criterion shifts were observed in simultaneous lineups. This result suggests that sequential lineups are not superior to simultaneous lineups, and may give rise to unwanted position effects that have to be considered when conducting police lineups. 相似文献