有限理性的“占优启发式”和“齐当别”决策模型的作为 ——当Allais悖论杠杆撬动了期望效用理论

人们在做决策时常常要受到时间或知识的限制,有时还要受到其双重限制。关于人们是如何进行风险决策,早期有期望效用理论对其加以解释,但Allais悖论对其标准化地位提出了挑战。Simon的“有限理性”观点提出后,一些研究者开始致力于开发决策的“有限理性”模型。文章讨论并比较了无限理性的期望效用理论被Allais悖论杠杆撬动之后,有限理性的“占优启发式”和“齐当别”决策模型所能做的和所不能做的。两种模型的决策标准、计算策略以及未来研究的展望也一并作了讨论     

Predictors of timed picture naming in Chinese

We report normative data collected from Mainland Chinese speakers for 232 objects taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). These data include adult ratings of concept familiarity, age of acquisition (AoA), printedword frequency, and word length (in syllables), as well as measures of rated visual complexity, image agreement, and name agreement. We then examined timed picture naming of these objects with native Chinese speakers in Beijing in two experiments using line drawings and colored pictures. In both experiments, the variables name agreement, rated concept familiarity, and AoA made significant independent contributions to naming latency in multiple regression analyses. We observed a correlation ofr=.85 between naming latency with line drawings and colored pictures and a reduced effect of image agreement on naming when colored pictures were presented. We discuss the implications of our findings for the study of lexical processing in Chinese. Normative data for 232 Chinese nouns may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive     

认知、动机、情感因素对谈判行为的影响

谈判,指两方或多方就利益不同而进行的协商,是解决选择冲突最常见的方式之一。认知、动机及情感因素,影响谈判者的信息处理与判断推理过程。谈判中它们既可能导致决策偏差,也可能促进决策质量。长期以来着眼于认知过程的谈判研究在社会心理学中占主流地位。近年,动机与情感因素对谈判行为的影响受到越来越多的关注。从社会认知的冷（cold：认知）、热（hot：动机、情感）两个角度,系统解析相关研究近年来的进展与成果,可以为揭示认知、动机、情感间的互动如何影响谈判行为打下基础     

中英文对偶词呈现的空间位置对词义记忆的影响

采用即时记忆和延迟记忆任务,考察了双语信息加工对偶词呈现的空间位置对词义记忆的影响,结果表明：（1）对偶词呈现的空间位置对词义记忆存在影响,且这种影响只出现在延迟记忆中;（2）在延迟记忆任务中,变换词对呈现的空间位置,对对偶词记忆的效果要显著地优于固定空间位置条件;（3）对偶词的呈现背景不同对词对记忆没有影响。     

The rule of three: How the third event signals the emergence of a streak

It is well established that people perceive streaks where they do not exist. However, little is known about what constitutes a streak in the mind of an observer. This paper proposes that the third repeat event in a sequence is pivotal to the subjective belief that a streak is occurring. In five studies, we find direct and indirect evidence that perceived streakiness plateaus with the third repeat outcome in a sequence. The evidence to support this rule of three comes from various domains, including: observation of randomly determined probabilistic outcomes, investment decisions in response to performance histories, and basketball shooting percentages.     

四种语音意识干预模式对小学生英文单词朗读作用的比较

采用前-后测对比组的准实验设计,将84名小学三年级学生分配到四种语音意识干预组,即:单纯的音素意识训练组、字母-音素意识二合一训练组、字母-音标-音素意识三合一训练组和字母-音标-反切意识三合一训练组,旨在比较四种语音意识干预模式对于小学三年级学生英语语音意识和英文单词朗读技能的作用。结果表明:(1)就音素合成与音素替换技能的训练而言,字母-音标-反切意识三合一训练模式,都会产生一定的优势;(2)四种语音意识干预模式,不仅能够显著地提高小学三年级学生的英文单词朗读技能,而且能够使他们将经过干预而获得的朗读技能迁移到陌生词的朗读之中;(3)虽然四种语音意识干预模式都能够显著地促进小学三年级学生的英文单词朗读技能,但是,字母-音素意识二合一训练模式的促进作用最大。     

幽门螺杆菌cagA基因多态性对临床结局的影响:东亚菌株和西方菌株

CagA蛋白是幽门螺杆菌最重要的毒力因子之一.目前已证实cagA基因存在东亚及西方两种亚型.幽门螺杆菌产生CagA蛋白,注入胃上皮细胞后在其羧基端EPIYA重复序列区进行酪氨酸磷酸化,进而与SHP-2酪氨酸磷酸化酶相互作用,参与上皮细胞的信号传导,导致细胞骨架结构的重排,引起细胞表面形状的改变和细胞动力的增强,造成细胞异常的增殖和运动,在胃癌的发生中起了主要作用.cagA基因的羧基端EPIYA重复序列被认为是区分东亚型和西方型菌株的分子标记,东亚型CagA与SHP-2亲和力大于西方型,最终影响着不同CagA+菌株感染的临床表现.     

幽门螺杆菌cagA基因多态性对临床结局的影响：东亚菌株和西方菌株

CagA蛋白是幽门螺杆菌最重要的毒力因子之一。目前已证实cagA基因存在东亚及西方两种亚型。幽门螺杆菌产生CagA蛋白,注入胃上皮细胞后在其羧基端EPIYA重复序列区进行酪氨酸磷酸化,进而与SHP-2酪氨酸磷酸化酶相互作用,参与上皮细胞的信号传导,导致细胞骨架结构的重排,引起细胞表面形状的改变和细胞动力的增强,造成细胞异常的增殖和运动,在胃癌的发生中起了主要作用。cagA基因的羧基端EPIYA重复序列被认为是区分东亚型和西方型菌株的分子标记,东亚型CagA与SHP-2亲和力大于西方型,最终影响着不同CagA 菌株感染的临床表现。     

参杞合剂对PG内皮细胞黏附及黏附分子表达的影响

参杞合剂(SQ)是以传统中药参杞片为基础,辅以黄芪、当归、莪术、白花蛇舌草煎制而成,据报道其在小鼠体内、外有抗瘤、抑瘤之功效.但其是否对人类肿瘤也有同样功效尚不可知.本实验通过研究参杞合剂对人高转移肺癌细胞(PG)生长调控的作用及其表面黏附分子(CD44、CD54)表达的影响,初步探讨其对人类肿瘤作用的相关机制,为今后开发抗肿瘤新药提供理论依据.     

The developmental trajectories of attention focusing, attentional and behavioral persistence, and externalizing problems during school-age years

The developmental trajectories of attention focusing (by parents' and teachers' reports) and attentional and behavioral persistence (observed during a laboratory task)--2 indexes of effortful control--and externalizing problems from ages 5 to 10 years were examined for 356 children combined from a pair of 3-wave (2 years apart) longitudinal studies. The authors identified clusters of children with distinct trajectories for these variables and examined the links between the effortful control trajectories and the externalizing problem trajectories. Although attention focusing remained relatively stable, attentional and behavioral persistence continued to show mean-level changes (especially among the children with lower levels of persistence). Children with high and stable trajectories of effortful control tended to exhibit low and stable trajectories of externalizing problems, whereas those with lower and/or less stable trajectories of effortful control showed more elevated and/or fluctuating trajectories of externalizing problems.