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31.
Accessing lexical ambiguity: Effects of context and dominance 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary The paper examines the effects of sentential context and frequency of meaning (dominance) on the lexical access of ambiguous words. Two experiments were carried out using Swinney's (1979) cross-modal paradigm. The sentential contexts were constructed in such a way as to make salient the most characteristic features of either the dominant (Experiment 1) or the secondary (Experiment 2) meaning of the ambiguous word. The claim was that if context is sufficiently constraining selective access of the congruent meaning can be obtained. Consistent with this prediction, context biasing the dominant meaning facilitated lexical decision only on target words related to the dominant meaning. When context biased the secondary meaning, both context and dominance produced a facilitation effect.The research reported here was supported by grants from the Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione (fondi 40%) and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche 相似文献
32.
Potter MC Dell'Acqua R Pesciarelli F Job R Peressotti F O'Connor DH 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(3):460-465
The time course of semantic priming between two associated words was tracked using rapid serial visual presentation of two
synchronized streams of stimuli appearing at about 20 items/sec, each stream including a target word. The two words were semantically
related or unrelated and were separated by stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 0–213 msec. Accuracy in reporting the first
target (T1) versus the second target (T2) has been shown to interact dramatically with SOA over this range. The materials
were in English in Experiment1 and Italian in Experiment2. T1 was semantically primed only at short SOAs, whereas T2 was primed
at all SOAs (Experiment 1) or at all SOAs except the shortest one (Experiment2). The results indicate a strong competition
between target words early in processing, with T2 often becoming the first word identified at short SOAs, thus priming T1. 相似文献
33.
34.
Claudio Mulatti Lorella Lotto Francesca Peressotti Remo Job 《Psychological research》2010,74(1):71-81
In this study, we investigated picture (Experiments 1 and 2) and word (Experiments 3 and 4) processing using different tasks. In Experiments 1 and 3, easy and difficult conditional naming tasks were compared to a free naming task. In Experiments 2 and 4, easy and difficult conditional naming tasks were compared to easy and difficult manual forced-choice semantic decision tasks. For pictures, we showed that a difficult semantic categorization determined a cost for the conditional naming with respect to the free naming (Experiment 1). Also, we found that the difference in RTs between the easy and difficult conditional naming tasks was much smaller than the difference between the easy and difficult forced-choice semantic decision tasks (Experiment 2). For words, results showed that free reading was faster than easy conditional reading, which in turn was faster than difficult conditional reading (Experiment 3). An analogous pattern of results was obtained when the easy and difficult conditional reading tasks were compared to the easy and difficult forced-choice semantic decision tasks (Experiment 4). Globally, the results showed that whether a cost is observed or not depends upon the relative timing of the classification and name retrieval processes. A theoretical framework has been proposed. 相似文献
35.
Archbishop Job of Telmessos 《The Ecumenical review》2017,69(2):274-287
From 20 to 26 June 2016, following a century of preparatory work, the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church met on the island of Crete. Among the various documents agreed by the council, the most controversial before, during, and after the council was the one on “The Relations of the Orthodox Church with the Rest of the Christian World.” This article sets out the importance of this statement, and considers and responds to the various criticisms of it that have emerged among certain Orthodox groups and individuals. The article concludes that despite such objections, the statement has a crucial ecumenical significance, and that, for the first time in its history, the Orthodox Church has taken a conciliar decision with regard to participation in the ecumenical movement and engagement in theological dialogue with other Christian churches and confessions. 相似文献
36.
Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson Sahar Tahbaz Zhuo Job Chen 《Journal of religion and health》2017,56(2):477-492
This study examined the religious and psychological implications of religious coping in Iran. University students (N = 224) responded to the Brief Positive and Negative Religious Coping Scales along with measures of Religious Orientation, Integrative Self-Knowledge, Self-Control, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem, Guilt, Shame, and Self-Criticism. As in previous research elsewhere, Positive Religious Coping was stronger on average than Negative Religious Coping, and Positive and Negative Religious Coping predicted adjustment and maladjustment, respectively, In addition, this study demonstrated that direct relationships between Positive and Negative Religious Coping appeared to be reliable in Iran; that Positive Religious Copings was broadly compatible with, and Negative Religious Coping was largely irrelevant to, Iranian religious motivations; and that Negative Religious Coping obscured linkages of Positive Religious Coping with religious and psychological adjustment. 相似文献
37.
This study investigated the interaction between sampling behavior and preference formation underlying subjective decision making for like and dislike decisions. Two-alternative forced-choice tasks were used with closely-matched musical excerpts and the participants were free to listen and re-listen, i.e. to sample and resample each excerpt, until they reached a decision. We predicted that for decisions involving resampling, a sampling bias would be observed before the moment of conscious decision for the like decision only. The results indeed showed a gradually increasing sampling bias favouring the choice (73%) before the moment of overt response for like decisions. Such a bias was absent for dislike decisions. Furthermore, the participants reported stronger relative preferences for like decisions as compared to dislike decisions. This study demonstrated distinct differences in preference formation between like and dislike decisions, both in the implicit orienting/sampling processes prior to the conscious decision and in the subjective evaluation afterwards. 相似文献
38.
Ethics and Nanopharmacy: Value Sensitive Design of New Drugs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although applications are being developed and have reached the market, nanopharmacy to date is generally still conceived as
an emerging technology. Its concept is ill-defined. Nanopharmacy can also be construed as a converging technology, which combines
features of multiple technologies, ranging from nanotechnology to medicine and ICT. It is still debated whether its features
give rise to new ethical issues or that issues associated with nanopharma are merely an extension of existing issues in the
underlying fields. We argue here that, regardless of the alleged newness of the ethical issues involved, developments occasioned
by technological advances affect the roles played by stakeholders in the field of nanopharmacy to such an extent that this
calls for a different approach to responsible innovation in this field. Specific features associated with nanopharmacy itself
and features introduced to the associated converging technologies- bring about a shift in the roles of stakeholders that call
for a different approach to responsibility. We suggest that Value Sensitive Design is a suitable framework to involve stakeholders
in addressing moral issues responsibly at an early stage of development of new nanopharmaceuticals. 相似文献
39.
Cubelli R Paolieri D Lotto L Job R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(2):449-460
In 3 experiments, we investigated the effect of grammatical gender on object categorization. Participants were asked to judge whether 2 objects, whose names did or did not share grammatical gender, belonged to the same semantic category by pressing a key. Monolingual speakers of English (Experiment 1), Italian (Experiments 1 and 2), and Spanish (Experiments 2 and 3) were tested in their native language. Italian and Spanish participants responded faster to pairs of stimuli sharing the same gender, whereas no difference was observed for English participants. In Experiment 2, the pictures were chosen in such a way that the grammatical gender of the names was opposite in Italian and Spanish. Therefore, the same pair of stimuli gave rise to different patterns depending on the gender congruency of the names in the languages. In Experiment 3, Spanish speakers performed the same task under an articulatory suppression condition, showing no grammatical gender effect. The locus where meaning and gender interact can be located at the level of the lexical representation that specifies syntactic information: Nouns sharing the same grammatical gender activate each other, thus facilitating their processing and speeding up responses, either to semantically related pairs or to semantically unrelated pairs. 相似文献
40.
R. F. Soames Job 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,37(1):59-81
Exposure to uncontrollable, unpredictable appetitive events produces a variety of cognitive debilitations and vegetative changes
as does exposure to uncontrollable, unpredictable aversive events. Similarities include impaired escape from aversive events,
impaired discrimination, finicky consumption, analgesia, and body weight loss. However, in stark contrast, uncontrollable
aversive stress causes reduced motor activity where as similar appetitive treatment does not; aversively induced debilitation
is causally related to energy regulation, whereas the appetitively induced effects are not. Parallel mechanisms are suggested
to explain these effects in terms of a revised anxiety account of the aversive effects, and a frustration account of the appetitive
effects. Finally, factors likely to limit important research to resolve the many remaining issues are identified: negative
presentation of animal research, political decision making, and ignorance and fear in committees which review the ethics of
research.
The research reported here was supported by a Sydney University Special Project Grant and Australian Research Council Grants
to R.F.S. Job. The paper was completed while the author was supported by a Special Study Leave Grant from the University of
Sydney. 相似文献