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341.
Danu B. Anthony Joanne V. Wood John G. Holmes 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2007,43(3):425-432
The present study examined the sociometer’s role in guiding social behavior. The authors hypothesized that low self-esteem people (LSEs), but not high self-esteem people (HSEs), base their social decision-making on acceptance. Undergraduate participants were invited to join a social group and were led to believe that acceptance either was guaranteed, or was likely but not guaranteed. HSEs always were eager to join the group, whereas LSEs were keen to join the group only when acceptance was guaranteed. Furthermore, mediation analyses indicated that LSEs’ willingness to join the group was dependent on their anticipated social outcomes, which were contingent on acceptance from the group, whereas acceptance did not affect HSEs’ decision-making. These results support a sociometer account of social decision-making. 相似文献
342.
343.
Joanne M. Williams Lesley A. Smith 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2010,28(3):523-546
This paper examines the development and consistency of children's (4, 7, 10, and 14 years) naïve concepts of inheritance using three tasks. A modified adoption task asked participants to distinguish between biological and social parentage in their predictions and explanations of the origins of different feature types (physical characteristics, disabilities, and personality traits). The causal mechanisms task asked participants to rate their preference for various mechanisms of inheritance for physical features. The family relatedness task required participants to provide judgements on the relatedness of family members and explain their understanding of kinship terms. Developmental trends were revealed in all three tasks. There was a trend towards increased consistency in judgements across tasks with age, but low correlations between explanations given in different task contexts. Findings are discussed with reference to the onset and variability of inheritance concepts and the implications for education and future research. 相似文献
344.
Numerous studies have examined anxiety from a cognitive and affective perspective but relatively little research has studied anxiety from a motivational perspective. There are theoretical grounds (e.g., Gray, 1982) for expecting anxiety to be characterised by heightened avoidance motivation, but this motivational bias is not thought to be accompanied by diminished approach motivation. A cross-sectional, mixed model design was used to investigate individuals’ response-variations on personal approach and avoidance goal systems. A convenience sample comprising an anxious group (n = 41) and non-anxious group (n = 33) completed tasks that measured number of self-generated approach goals and avoidance goals, and number of associated positive and negative consequence steps for goals. As predicted, anxious individuals, relative to non-anxious individuals, generated more avoidance goals and more negative consequence steps in response to goal non-attainment (irrespective of goal type) but did not differ on number of approach goals or positive consequence steps in response to goal attainment (irrespective of goal type). The present findings highlight the importance of personal goal systems in understanding the nature of anxiety. 相似文献
345.
Misperception of speed under low-contrast conditions has been identified as a possible contributor to motor vehicle crashes in fog. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of reduced contrast on drivers' perception and control of speed while driving under real-world conditions. Fourteen participants drove around a 2.85 km closed road course under three visual conditions: clear view and with two levels of reduced contrast created by diffusing filters on the windscreen and side windows. Three dependent measures were obtained, without view of the speedometer, on separate laps around the road course: verbal estimates of speed; adjustment of speed to instructed levels (25 to 70 km h(-1)); and estimation of minimum stopping distance. The results showed that drivers traveled more slowly under low-contrast conditions. Reduced contrast had little or no effect on either verbal judgments of speed or estimates of minimum stopping distance. Speed adjustments were significantly slower under low-contrast than clear conditions, indicating that, contrary to studies of object motion, drivers perceived themselves to be traveling faster under conditions of reduced contrast. Under real-world driving conditions, drivers' ability to perceive and control their speed was not adversely affected by large variations in the contrast of their surroundings. These findings suggest that perceptions of self-motion and object motion involve neural processes that are differentially affected by variations in stimulus contrast as encountered in fog. 相似文献
346.
Interaction with others over objects has until recently been thought lacking in the social play of non-human great apes, in
contrast to that of children; even now, only bonobos have been observed to engage in social play involving objects. Human
children’s triadic interactions with objects involve joint attention, showing and giving, communication that maintains interaction,
and sharing of emotions and experiences. We question assertions that chimpanzees, and non-human great apes in general, lack
the key characteristics of children’s collaborative play. Here, we show that zoo gorillas play games that are both triadic
and collaborative. These games were videotaped at the San Francisco Zoo in five different years and involved five different
pairings of gorillas. The context was in most cases playfully competitive, involving objects such as balls, bags and leather
pieces as foci of joint attention; the ostensible goal in most games was to gain or keep possession of a particular object.
In some episodes, roles as possessor or pursuer of an object were exchanged many times; in others, one gorilla retained possession
of an object but encouraged pursuit from a partner. Through gaze and gesture, gorillas invited others to: share interest in
and attention to objects; share patterns of play; and re-engage after breaks in play. Sometimes, gorillas would assist others
in their efforts to engage in collaborative play: older gorillas encouraged younger partners by ‘self-handicapping’ their
own actions. Collaborative games may occur later in the ontogeny of gorillas than in humans, and depend on the challenges
and artifacts available in a particular group’s habitat. 相似文献
347.
In this article we reflect on the increasingly popular concept of career capital, and apply the concept to data generated with a sample of women scientists. We propose that by examining career capital through a ‘gendered lens’ we can provide insight into structural constraint, often missing in discussions of this concept. Based on the findings from in-depth interviews with 31 women scientists, ranging from post-doctoral researcher to professor, we argue that even within occupational fields the notion of capital must be seen as differentiated, not only in terms of its meaning and expression within these fields, but also in terms of its availability. Thus we suggest that in analyzing careers we should examine deficits and impediments alongside capital, whilst maintaining awareness of social structural constraint. 相似文献
348.
John S. Werry R. James Methven Joanne Fitzpatrick Hamish Dixon 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1983,11(3):341-354
A total of 195 admissions to a child psychiatric inpatient unit were diagosed independently by two to four clinicians on the basis of case presentations at the first wardround after admission. The DSM HI as a whole and the major categories were of high or acceptable reliability, though a few were clearly unreliable. The results are generally consistent with other studies. Unlike other studies, the subcategories were examined and found to vary widely in reliability both as a whole across the system and within parent major categories, throwing considerable doubt upon their utility. The results indicate the need both for improved diagnostic datagathering techniques in child psychiatry and for more betterdesigned studies of reliability and, most necessarily, of validity. 相似文献
349.
Stephen C. Young M.A. Joanne Nicholson Ph.D. Maryann Davis Ph.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1995,4(2):219-238
Research that focusses on consumer satisfaction with child and adolescent mental health services is reviewed. Satisfaction is broadly conceived to include any study where the perspectives of children, adolescents or their parents about mental health services were gathered and presented. Important conceptual issues in research on consumer satisfaction with children's mental health services are discussed. Some of the general methodological issues that have faced satisfaction researchers are also considered. The wide range of methodological variations that have been used to investigate this topic area are outlined. The most significant findings of previous research are presented and critiqued. In conclusion, suggestions are made about the most fruitful directions for future research. 相似文献
350.
Shari R. Baldinger Lola P. Cook Beatrice N. French Joanne M. Haun Carol J. Ludowese Amy K. Stein Schechtman Wendy R. Uhlmann 《Journal of genetic counseling》1995,4(4):301-313
The increasing demand in the clinical genetics setting for information about teratogen exposures has created a need for genetic counselors to have the capabilities to appropriately address patient concerns. In order to assess how training in teratogen counseling is currently being conducted, the GLaRGG Teratogen Subcommittee surveyed all 17 genetic counseling training programs in North America in September 1993. Information was obtained from training programs about coursework, resources, and clinical training. In addition, each training program was asked to provide information about how their teratogen training needs could better be met. While all programs responded that some information in their coursework applicable to teratogen counseling was provided, there was wide variation in the amount of time devoted to this topic. The programs also greatly differed in the provision of clinical training in teratogen counseling. For both coursework and clinical work, genetic counselors were the main trainers in teratogen counseling. In spite of this, fewer than 25% of training programs have a defined teratogen clinical rotation. Data from the survey are discussed and recommendations presented. 相似文献