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451.
Two analytical procedures for identifying young children as categorizers, the Monte Carlo Simulation and the Probability Estimate Model, were compared. Using a sequential touching method, children aged 12, 18, 24, and 30 months were given seven object sets representing different levels of categorical classification. From their touching performance, the probability that children were categorizing was then determined independently using Monte Carlo Simulation and the Probability Estimate Model. The two analytical procedures resulted in different percentages of children being classified as categorizers. Results using the Monte Carlo Simulation were more consistent with group-level analyses than results using the Probability Estimate Model. These findings recommend using the Monte Carlo Simulation for determining individual categorizer classification. 相似文献
452.
453.
Raymond Oppong Billingsley Kaambwa Jacqui Nuttall Kerenza Hood Richard D. Smith Joanna Coast 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(4):411-423
Although EQ-5D has been used in the context of acute cough/lower respiratory tract infections (acute cough/LRTI), it has not
been formally validated in this disease area. The primary aim of this study is to assess the construct validity of EQ-5D as
a measure for economic evaluation in the context of acute cough/lower respiratory tract infections. Data were collected alongside
an observational study of the management of patients with acute cough/LRTI in thirteen European countries. However, the analysis
was limited to 349 patients from the UK. Hypotheses were specified a priori and tested in order to establish the construct
validity of EQ-5D. Statistical methods used to test the a priori hypotheses included Wilcoxon signed rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis
test, Chi-square test and regression analysis. Most of the relationships that were tested were in line with the a priori hypotheses.
The main results indicate that there was a negative relationship between symptom severity scores and EQ-5D, smoking was associated
with worse EQ-5D scores and EQ-5D was able to discriminate between patients with headache, interference with normal activities
and disturbed sleep. This study also showed that the EQ-5D is moderately responsive in patients with acute cough/LRTI, and
is a suitable measure for use in economic evaluation studies of acute cough/LRTI 相似文献
454.
Recent research suggests that repetition priming (RP) for unfamiliar faces is highly view dependent and is eliminated when the viewpoint of target faces changes between study and test. The current research examined whether increased familiarity with novel faces from a single viewpoint at study would support RP from an alternative viewpoint at test. Participants passively viewed novel face images from a single viewpoint at study (i.e., either front or three-quarters), with half of the images seen once and half seen on five occasions. During a sex classification task at test, participants were faster to respond to face images seen from the same view as that at study than they were to previously unseen distractor faces for both single exposure faces and faces seen on five occasions (i.e., standard RP). When, however, face images at test were shown from a different viewpoint from that at study, RP only occurred for faces viewed on five occasions. 相似文献
455.
Frances Rice Norah Frederickson Joanna Seymour 《The British journal of educational psychology》2011,81(2):244-263
Background. The primary–secondary transition can negatively affect pupils' emotional and psychological adjustment. However, methods for assessing concerns regarding secondary school are limited. A reliable and valid measure of transition‐related concerns would be useful both in evaluating and shaping the content and delivery of universal and targeted transition support programmes. Aims. To assess the validity of a quantitative self‐report measure of school concerns as an assessment tool during the primary–secondary school transition. Sample. A UK sample of 147 Year 6 primary school pupils and 263 Year 7 secondary school pupils. Method. Self‐reports of school concerns and school liking as well as self‐reported and peer assessments on a range of psychological adjustment measures were collected. Results. The School Concerns Questionnaire (SCQ) showed good reliability at primary and secondary school. Secondary concerns reduced significantly post‐transition. Three factors emerged from an exploratory factor analysis of the SCQ and the pattern of results was replicated for post‐transition concerns. Pupils with higher school concerns at secondary school reported reduced liking of school and reduced trust and respect for teachers. The SCQ was associated with generalized anxiety and female gender both pre‐and post‐transition. Peer problems and depression were associated with pre‐ and post‐transition concerns, respectively. Conclusions. The SCQ is a simple to complete, reliable, and valid tool for assessing primary–secondary transition concerns. It could serve a valuable role in the evaluation and development of universal and targeted school‐based initiatives that aim to promote positive secondary transition. 相似文献
456.
Although members of the clergy experience working conditions that have been associated with “emotional labour”, little is
known about the impact of this aspect of the job role on wellbeing. This study examined relationships between emotional labour
and psychological distress and intrinsic job satisfaction in 188 UK-based clergy. Also investigated were the potential moderating
effects of social support and training in counselling skills. Findings revealed significant associations between emotional
labour and both psychological distress and job satisfaction. Evidence was found that counselling training and a wider social
network may protect clergy from the negative impact of emotional labour, but social network size may also be a risk factor
for wellbeing. Further research should examine the impact of emotional labour on clergy, and the factors that might help them
manage this more effectively. 相似文献
457.
The geriatric specialty, unpopular among most UK born and trained medical graduates, provided an opportunity for career development and achievement for those doctors whose training had been non-standard for a variety of reasons. Migrant doctors who have played a substantive role in the UK National Health Service since its inception made an important contribution to the building of that specialty, at the same time building their own careers. This paper draws on oral history interviews with the UK trained pioneers of geriatric medicine and with South Asian overseas trained doctors who entered the geriatric specialty in the middle decades of the twentieth century. It critically reviews the literature of skilled migration, specifically in terms of ‘brain drain’ and ‘push–pull’, focusing on historical and socio-cognitive communities and emphasizes the contribution of individual narratives of career development in the lives of migrants. Focusing on the use of luck and chance in accounts it suggests that although such terms are indicative of chance upon opportunity, they also suggest a role for agency in career development in contexts which were not auspicious. The outcome, for those interviewed, was regarded positively in career terms, but also had a significant part to play in the development of the career of the specialty of geriatric medicine and in the lives of the marginalized people for whom they developed a service. 相似文献
458.
Stange JP Molz AR Black CL Shapero BG Bacelli JM Abramson LY Alloy LB 《Behaviour research and therapy》2012,50(4):231-239
Recent work has identified Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity as a risk factor for the first onset and recurrence of mood episodes in bipolar disorder, but little work has evaluated risk factors for the prospective development of hypomanic symptoms in individuals at risk for, but without a history of, bipolar disorder. The present study used a prospective behavioral high-risk design to evaluate the impact of positive overgeneralization, a cognitive correlate of risk for hypomania, on hypomanic symptoms in individuals with high vs. moderate BAS sensitivity, but without a history of mood elevation. Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that upward positive overgeneralization and BAS sensitivity interacted to predict increased levels of hypomanic symptoms at follow-up, controlling for initial hypomanic symptoms. The pattern of this interaction was such that positive overgeneralization predicted higher levels of hypomanic symptoms among high-BAS, but not moderate-BAS, individuals. Thus, the self-reported tendency to experience grandiose increases in confidence following success may confer additional risk for mood elevation among individuals already at risk for developing bipolar disorder. Potential implications for prevention and treatment are discussed. 相似文献
459.
460.
Evaluative conditioning (EC) is considered to play an important role in the attitude formation. One of the ongoing debates
in this field concerns the impact of contingency awareness (i.e., awareness of the contingent relationship between conditioned
and unconditioned stimulus, CS–US) on the EC occurrence. Despite the claims that EC does not require awareness of CS–US contingencies,
the recent studies have claimed just the opposite. However, a number of methodological issues can be raised to undermine those
claims. In two experiments, we tried to eliminate potential faults and sought to learn whether EC occurs with or without contingency
awareness of either US identity or US valence. We report significant EC effects both with and without contingency awareness.
These results provide support for the claim that the EC effects might be produced by independent mechanisms linked to awareness.
We also argue that those mechanisms are differently captured by available measures of EC. 相似文献