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331.
332.
Raczaszek-Leonardi J Shapiro LP Tuller B Kelso JA 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2008,37(2):87-113
This paper examines the influence of context on the processing of category names embedded in sentences. The investigation
focuses on the nature of information available immediately after such a word is heard as well as on the dynamics of adaptation
to context. An on-line method (Cross Modal Lexical Priming) was used to trace how this process unfolds in time. We found that
the information available immediately after a category word is presented is not altered by the sentence context in which the
word is immersed. Rather, the structure of availability of particular exemplars of the category resembles the typicality structure
of a conceptual representation. The adaptation to context occurs later (between 300 and 450 ms after the category word) and
takes the form of a rapid reorganization of the structure rather than a gradual activation of a contextually relevant exemplar.
We claim that such data is best accounted for in a dynamical framework, where a coherent global structure emerges through
locally guided self-organization. 相似文献
333.
In this article, we present a new framework for interpreting cultural differences in behavior -- what we call the institutional approach. In this framework, individuals' behaviors are conceptualized as strategies adapted to various incentive structures. Cultural differences in behavior are thus viewed as differences in the default adaptive strategies that individuals come to rely on in unclear situations. Through two studies, we demonstrate that the East Asian "preference" for conformity is actually a default strategy to avoid accrual of negative reputation. When the possibility for negative evaluations in a given situation was clearly defined, cultural differences in the tendency for uniqueness disappeared. This approach carries important implications to psychologists who interpret cultural differences in behavior in terms of preferences, and can serve as a common framework branching out toward other disciplines in the social sciences. 相似文献
334.
Janet D. Latner Joanna K. Vallance Geoffrey Buckett 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(2):148-153
This study examined health-related quality of life (QOL) and its association with different forms of binge eating in 53 women
with eating disorders. Participants had enrolled in treatment for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder,
or other eating disorders not otherwise specified and completed measures of QOL, eating-related psychopathology, and mood
disturbance. Eating- and mood-related psychopathology, and to a lesser extent, mental-component QOL scores, were severely
impaired in this sample relative to population norms. QOL was significantly and independently predicted by subjective bulimic
episodes and compensatory behaviors, including food avoidance, laxative abuse, and self-induced vomiting, accounting for 32%
of the variance. Subjective bulimic episodes and food avoidance also independently predicted the physical-component QOL, accounting
for 27% of the variance. These findings suggest that subjective bulimic episodes may be independently associated with impairment
in QOL and may require specific attention as targets of treatment. 相似文献
335.
The death of Margaret of Savoy in 1574 created a momentous stir in literary and political circles. This renowned patroness
of arts and protector of minorities had extended her protection to the Jews and conversos living in the realm of her husband, Emannuel Philibert. Jews, too, lamented her demise. The purpose of this paper is to interpret
the elegies written by the Jewish Italian scholar, Azariah de’ Rossi, setting them in their historical and literary context.
De’ Rossi’s extant poems in Hebrew, Aramaic and Latin are printed here in their entirety for the first time. An analysis of
their content demonstrates how de’ Rossi, the scholar, adopts the medium of the elegy in order to “exalt and exhort” Margaret’s
widower, the ruler Emannuel Philibert of Piedmont, implicitly, therefore, pleading the Jewish cause. 相似文献
336.
This study examined naturalistic medication use and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment outcomes in 105 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder (PD), assessed by structured clinical interview. The association between pre- and post-treatment use of SSRIs, benzodiazepines (BZs), and any anti-anxiety or anti-depressant (A/D) medication were investigated for three indicators of treatment outcome (PD severity, presence of agoraphobia (AG), anxiety sensitivity) at post-treatment and 6-month follow-up. Controlling for pre-treatment severity, pre-treatment SSRI use was associated with worse outcomes for AG (p=.04) and anxiety sensitivity (p=.047); post-treatment SSRI use was associated with delayed improvements in PD severity (p=.05). Pre-treatment use of A/D was associated with poorer PD severity outcomes (p=.04). Post-treatment use of A/D was associated with higher anxiety sensitivity scores across post-treatment and 6-month follow-up (p=.03). BZ use was not associated with significantly worse outcomes. However, there was a decrease in the number of patients using BZs from pre-treatment to post-treatment (p=.06) and follow-up (p=.006). In conclusion, controlling for pre-treatment severity, pre- and post-treatment use of SSRIs and A/D was associated with poorer outcomes, particularly for PD severity and anxiety sensitivity. 相似文献
337.
Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sedgh G Henshaw SK Singh S Bankole A Drescher J 《International family planning perspectives》2007,33(3):106-116
CONTEXT: Information on abortion levels and trends can inform research and policies affecting maternal and reproductive health, but the incidence of legal abortion has not been assessed in nearly a decade. METHODS: Statistics on legal abortions in 2003 were compiled for 60 countries in which the procedure is broadly legal, and trends were assessed where possible. Data sources included published and unpublished reports from official national reporting systems, questionnaires sent to government agencies and nationally representative population surveys. The completeness of country estimates was assessed by officials involved in data collection and by in-country and regional experts. RESULTS: In recent years, more countries experienced a decline in legal abortion rates than an increase, among those for which statistics are complete and trend data are available. The most dramatic declines were in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where rates remained among the highest in the world. The highest estimated levels were in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, where surveys indicate that women will have close to three abortions each on average in their lifetimes. The U.S. abortion rate dropped by 8% between 1996 and 2003, but remained higher than rates in many Northern and Western European countries. Rates increased in the Netherlands and New Zealand. The official abortion rate declined by 21% over seven years in China, which accounted for a third of the world's legal abortions in 1996. Trends in the abortion rate differed across age-groups in some countries. CONCLUSIONS: The abortion rate varies widely across the countries in which legal abortion is generally available and has declined in many countries since the mid-1990s. 相似文献
338.
339.
Building on prior research, which has failed to find consistent effects of life events on change in self-reported adult attachment security over time, the present study tested the hypothesis that it is the meaning people attach to events, rather than the objective features of events, that is associated with changing levels of security. Participants engaged in an 8-week daily diary study, during which they completed daily self-report measures of attachment security, negative life events, perceptions of loss associated with events, and mood. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that perceptions of greater interpersonal (but not achievement) loss associated with life events were significantly associated with greater insecurity on a day-to-day basis, even controlling for objective features of events and for mood. Trait levels of security did not moderate this association. Results are discussed with regard to social-cognitive models of attachment security and the utility of understanding the meaning of life events to understand how attachment models may be confirmed or disconfirmed. 相似文献
340.
Clayton NS Dally J Gilbert J Dickinson A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2005,31(2):115-124
Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) cached perishable and nonperishable food items, which they could recover after both short and long retention intervals. When perishable items were always degraded at recovery, jays decreased the number of perishable items cached and increased their caching of nonperishable items, relative to a control group whose caches were always fresh at recovery. Jays reduced the number of nonperishable items cached, however, when highly preferred food items were degraded only after the long retention intervals. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of retrospective and prospective processes in the control of caching. 相似文献