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811.
This study investigated when children can take the perspective of their reader if the information-processing demands of writing are removed by means of dictation to a scribe. Participants (N = 96) aged 5, 6 and 7 years dictated letters to an addressee who possessed requisite content knowledge, and then revised the letter or dictated a new letter to an addressee who lacked this knowledge (counterbalanced). Results showed that 19% of 5-year-olds, 41% of 6-year-olds, and 72% of 7-year-olds considered their reader's missing knowledge. Children's awareness of their reader's knowledge was neither related to performance on higher-order theory of mind tasks, nor to measures of executive function. Significantly greater perspective-taking was demonstrated in children's new letters than revised letters. However, although revision is considered a late-developing skill, half of even the 5-year-olds were able to make revisions (albeit few revisions demonstrated actual perspective-taking). Findings have significant implications for the emergent-literacy curriculum. 相似文献
812.
Nikos Ntoumanis Laura C. Healy Constantine Sedikides Joan Duda Brandon Stewart Alison Smith Johanna Bond 《Journal of personality》2014,82(3):225-236
No prior research has examined how motivation for goal striving influences persistence in the face of increasing goal difficulty. This research examined the role of self‐reported (Study 1) and primed (Study 2) autonomous and controlled motives in predicting objectively assessed persistence during the pursuit of an increasingly difficult goal. In Study 1, 100 British athletes (64 males; Mage = 19.89 years, SDage = 2.43) pursued a goal of increasing difficulty on a cycle ergometer. In Study 2, 90 British athletes (43 males; Mage = 19.63 years, SDage = 1.14) engaged in the same task, but their motivation was primed by asking them to observe a video of an actor describing her or his involvement in an unrelated study. In Study 1, self‐reported autonomous goal motives predicted goal persistence via challenge appraisals and task‐based coping. In contrast, controlled goal motives predicted threat appraisals and disengagement coping, which, in turn, was a negative predictor of persistence. In Study 2, primed autonomous (compared to controlled) goal motives predicted greater persistence, positive affect, and future interest for task engagement. The findings underscore the importance of autonomous motivation for behavioral investment in the face of increased goal difficulty. 相似文献
813.
This study analyzed the psychometric properties of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) in a Spanish speaking sample and then its relationships with adaptive readiness (i.e., self-regulation), career construction and adapting responses (i.e., vocational coping behaviors), and adaptation results (academic engagement, burnout, and vocational identity). The measures were completed by 577 Spanish university students. The psychometric properties of the newly translated CAAS Spanish Form included internal consistency values ranging from good to excellent for the total score and for the subscales. The results obtained through the confirmatory factor analysis verified the presence of the four CAAS dimensions: concern, control, curiosity, and confidence, which were the same factors observed in other international studies with other languages. The significant correlations obtained between the CAAS and the adaptive readiness, adapting, and adaptation measures confirmed the validity of the CAAS scores. In addition, this study tested a theoretical model of mediation between variables, adding further support to the distinction between the three dimensions leading to adaptation. 相似文献
814.
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - 相似文献
815.
Sex Roles - Informed by goal congruity theory and emerging adulthood theory, this study examined changes over time and gender differences in the importance that college STEM majors placed on three... 相似文献
816.
Barth Joan M. Masters Stephanie L. Parker Jeffrey G. 《Social Psychology of Education》2022,25(1):275-292
Social Psychology of Education - Previous research on the impact of gender stereotypes on female adolescents’ feeling of belonging to peer groups has focused on STEM classrooms and... 相似文献
817.
McCuaig JM Greenwood CM Shuman C Chitayat D Murphy KJ Rosen B Armel SR 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(5):442-449
Five to 10% of all cases of breast and ovarian cancer are attributed to a heritable genetic predisposition. Transmission of
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is equally likely through maternal or paternal lineage; however, fewer referrals to cancer genetics clinics appear
to be made for a paternal, than maternal, family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. To examine this potential bias,
a retrospective review of 315 patient and family charts was conducted by one familial cancer clinic in Toronto, Canada. Referral
letters, risk estimates, and family histories were analyzed to identify significant differences between patients referred
with maternal and paternal family histories. It was determined that patients are approximately five times more likely to be
referred with a maternal family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer as compared to those with a paternal family history
(p = <.0001). Individuals with a paternal family history were found to have a different, and higher, pattern of risk estimates
(p = .00064). No significant difference was seen between the type of referrals sent by general practitioners, oncologists, and
gynecologists. Recommendations to increase the awareness of paternal family history in assessing cancer risk are provided. 相似文献
818.
In recent years, change scores obtained under neutral conditions and under faking-inducing conditions have become one of the main alternatives for operationalizing faking. A pending issue regarding these measures is the relevance of individual differences under similar conditions of pressure. This study proposes a simple approach based on the classic test theory that allows the issue to be rigorously assessed. The approach, from which three indices are derived, is based on a pre-test post-test design with a control group, and models the amount of change as an individual parameter. The proposal is applied to an empirical study in personality, and some interesting initial results are obtained. 相似文献
819.
Nathan Carlin Cathy Rozmus Jeffrey Spike Irmgard Willcockson William Seifert Jr Cynthia Chappell Pei-Hsuan Hsieh Thomas Cole Catherine Flaitz Joan Engebretson Rebecca Lunstroth Charles Amos Jr Bryant Boutwell 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2011,9(4):277-290
A barrier to the development and refinement of ethics education in and across health professional schools is that there is not an agreed upon instrument or method for assessment in ethics education. The most widely used ethics education assessment instrument is the Defining Issues Test (DIT) I & II. This instrument is not specific to the health professions. But it has been modified for use in, and influenced the development of other instruments in, the health professions. The DIT contains certain philosophical assumptions (??Kohlbergian?? or ??neo-Kohlbergian??) that have been criticized in recent years. It is also expensive for large institutions to use. The purpose of this article is to offer a rubric??which the authors have named the Health Professional Ethics Rubric??for the assessment of several learning outcomes related to ethics education in health science centers. This rubric is not open to the same philosophical critiques as the DIT and other such instruments. This rubric is also practical to use. This article includes the rubric being advocated, which was developed by faculty and administrators at a large academic health science center as a part of a campus-wide ethics education initiative. The process of developing the rubric is described, as well as certain limitations and plans for revision. 相似文献
820.
Mind over muscle: the role of gaze control,spatial cognition,and the quiet eye in motor expertise 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Vickers JN 《Cognitive processing》2011,12(3):219-222
In the course of all motor behavior, the brain is limited in how much information it can process and act upon at a time. Performers
must constantly decide where to look, what to attend to, and how to time fixated information with precisely controlled actions.
The gaze can be directed to only one location at a time and information central to success must be selected from spatially
complex environments, most often under severe time constraints. The coordination of these processes is explored in this Special
issue in a number of motor tasks, including golf, soccer, law enforcement, and ballet. The papers describe the visual information
and quiet eye characteristics that underlie the ability to make decisions under complex task conditions and the relationship
between control of the gaze and task outcomes. With the attainment of motor expertise, measureable changes occur within the
gaze, cognitive, and neural systems that are useful in training, rehabilitation, and the treatment of motor deficits. 相似文献