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141.
The present research examines the semantic priming effects of a centrally presented single prime word to which participants were instructed to either "attend and remember" or "ignore". The prime word was followed by a central probe target on which the participants made a lexical decision task. The main variables manipulated across experiments were prime duration (50 or 100 ms), the presence or absence of a mask following the prime, and the presence (or absence) and type of distractor stimulus (random set of consonants or pseudowords) on the probe display. There was a consistent interaction between the instructions and the semantic priming effects. Relative to the "attend and remember" instruction, an "ignore" instruction produced reduced positive priming from single primes presented for 100 ms, irrespective of the presence or absence of a prime mask, and regardless of whether the probe target was presented with or without distractors. Additionally, reliable negative priming was found from ignored primes presented for briefer durations (50 ms) and immediately followed by a mask. Methodological and theoretical implications of the present findings for the extant negative priming literature are discussed. 相似文献
142.
Joan F. Miller Timothy R. McConnell Troy A. Klinger 《Journal of religion and health》2007,46(2):299-313
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of spirituality, religiosity, and religious coping on quality of
life and self-efficacy among couples following a first time cardiac event. There was no significant association between measures
for spirituality and religiosity and couples’ ratings for quality of life and self-efficacy. Negative forms of religious coping
were associated with lower levels of quality of life and decreased confidence in the patient’s ability to perform physical
tasks. Spouses’ measures for quality of life, self-efficacy, spirituality, religiosity, and religious coping were associated
with patients’ measures for the same study variables.
Joan F. Miller, RN, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Nursing, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815 and Director
of the Bloomsburg University Nursing Wellness Center. The author gives special thanks to Timothy R. McConnell, Ph.D., and
Troy A. Klinger, M.S., for their research support and helpful feedback. 相似文献
143.
144.
Joseph L Verheijde Mohamed Y Rady Joan McGregor 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):15-8
Organ donation after cessation of circulation and respiration, both controlled and uncontrolled, has been proposed by the
Institute of Medicine as a way to increase opportunities for organ procurement. Despite claims to the contrary, both forms
of controlled and uncontrolled donation after cardiac death raise significant ethical and legal issues. Identified causes
for concern include absence of agreement on criteria for the declaration of death, nonexistence of universal guidelines for
duration before stopping resuscitation efforts and techniques, and assumption of presumed intent to donate for the purpose
of initiating temporary organ-preservation interventions when no expressed consent to donate is present. From a legal point
of view, not having scientifically valid criteria of cessation of circulation and respiration for declaring death could lead
to a conclusion that organ procurement itself is the proximate cause of death. Although the revised Uniform Anatomical Gift
Act of 2006 provides broad immunity to those involved in organ-procurement activities, courts have yet to provide an opinion
on whether persons can be held liable for injuries arising from the determination of death itself. Preserving organs in uncontrolled
donation after cardiac death requires the administration of life-support systems such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
These life-support systems can lead to return of signs of life that, in turn, have to be deliberately suppressed by the administration
of pharmacological agents. Finally, allowing temporary organ-preservation interventions without expressed consent is inherently
a violation of the principle of respect for a person's autonomy. Proponents of organ donation from uncontrolled donation after
cardiac death, on the other hand, claim that these nonconsensual interventions enhance respect for autonomy by allowing people,
through surrogate decision making, to execute their right to donate organs. However, the lack of transparency and the absence
of protection of individual autonomy, for the sake of maximizing procurement opportunities, have placed the current organ-donation
system of opting-in in great jeopardy. Equally as important, current policies enabling and enhancing organ procurement practices,
pose challenges to the constitutional rights of individuals in a pluralistic society as these policies are founded on flawed
medical standards for declaring death. 相似文献
145.
Ethicists and others who study and teach the social implications of science and technology are faced with a formidable challenge
when they seek to address “emerging technologies.” The topic is incredibly important, but difficult to grasp because not only
are the precise issues often unclear, what the technology will ultimately look like can be difficult to discern. This paper
argues that one particularly useful way to overcome these difficulties is to engage with their natural science and engineering
colleagues in laboratories. Through discussions and interactions with these colleagues ethicists can simultaneously achieve
three important objectives. First they can get a great deal of assistance in their research into the social implications of
future technologies by talking with people that are actively creating those futures. Second their presence in the lab and
the discussions that result can be a very powerful method for educating not only students, but faculty about the ramifications
of their work. And third, because the education is directly linked to the students’ everyday work it is likely that it will
not just be a theoretical exercise, but have direct impact on their practice.
相似文献
Jameson M. Wetmore (Corresponding author)Email: |
146.
Flessner CA Sapyta J Garcia A Freeman JB Franklin ME Foa E March J 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(1):38-46
Growing research has examined parental accommodation among the families of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, these studies have utilized a parent-report (PR) version of a measure, the Family Accommodation Scale (FAS) that has never received proper psychometric validation. In turn, previously derived subscales have been developed via clinical rather than empirical evidence. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive psychometric analysis of the FAS-PR utilizing data collected from 96 youths with OCD. Exploratory factors analysis was conducted and revealed a 12-item scale yielding two separate, yet related subscales, Avoidance of Triggers (AT) and Involvement in Compulsions (IC). Subsequent analyses revealed good internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity. These findings suggest that future research should seek to examine factors that may impact various facets to accommodation as well as the role these facets plays in predicting treatment outcome. Limitations are discussed. 相似文献
147.
148.
Susan Randall Armel Jeanna McCuaig Amy Finch Rochelle Demsky Tony Panzarella Joan Murphy Barry Rosen 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(4):366-378
The number of individuals receiving genetic counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome has steadily risen.
To triage patients for genetic counseling and to help reduce the amount of time needed by a genetic counselor in direct patient
contact, many clinics have implemented the use of family history questionnaires. Although such questionnaires are widely used,
scant literature exists evaluating their effectiveness. This article explores the extent to which family history questionnaires
are being used in Ontario and addresses the utility of such questionnaires in one familial cancer clinic. By comparing the
pedigrees created from questionnaires to those updated during genetic counseling, the accuracy and effectiveness of the questionnaires
was explored. Of 121 families recruited into the study, 12% acquired changes to their pedigree that led to a revised probability
estimate for having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation and 5% acquired changes that altered their eligibility for genetic testing.
No statistically significant difference existed between the eligibility for genetic testing prior to and post counseling.
This suggests that family history questionnaires can be effective at obtaining a family history and accurately assessing eligibility
for genetic testing. Based on the variables that were significantly associated with a change in probability estimate, we further
present recommendations for improving the clarity of such questionnaires and therefore the ease of use by patients. 相似文献
149.
Martin P Baenziger J Macdonald M Siegler IC Poon LW 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(4):199-208
This study assessed engaged lifestyle activities (e.g., volunteering, traveling, and public speaking) for centenarians of
the Georgia Centenarian Study. A total of 285 centenarians and near-centenarians (i.e., 98 years and older) and their proxy
informants participated in this study. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was assessed for all centenarians, and proxy
informants reported on lifestyle activities and personality traits of the centenarians. Results suggested that participants
who had volunteered, traveled, and those who had given public talks and balanced their checkbooks were more likely to show
relatively high mental status scores (i.e., MMSE > 17). Personality traits were found to be moderators in the relationship
between engaged lifestyle and mental status: Participants with high levels of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness,
and Conscientiousness and with high levels of engaged lifestyle were more likely to show relatively high mental status scores
(i.e., MMSE > 17), whereas participants with low levels of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and
Conscientiousness and with low levels of engaged lifestyle were more likely to show relatively low mental status scores (i.e.,
MMSE < 18). The results suggest that engaged lifestyle, particularly in combination with personality traits, plays an important
role in the level of cognitive functioning among oldest old adults. 相似文献
150.
Joseph L Verheijde Mohamed Y Rady Joan L McGregor 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2007,2(1):19
Advance health care directives and informed consent remain the cornerstones of patients' right to self-determination regarding
medical care and preferences at the end-of-life. However, the effectiveness and clinical applicability of advance health care
directives to decision-making on the use of life support systems at the end-of-life is questionable. The Uniform Anatomical
Gift Act (UAGA) has been revised in 2006 to permit the use of life support systems at or near death for the purpose of maximizing
procurement opportunities of organs medically suitable for transplantation. Some states have enacted the Revised UAGA (2006)
and a few of those have included amendments while attempting to preserve the uniformity of the revised Act. Other states have
introduced the Revised UAGA (2006) for legislation and remaining states are likely to follow soon. 相似文献