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251.
Joachim Grabowski 《Kognitionswissenschaft》2000,9(2):63-76
The human conception of spatial relations between objects from an onomasiological and psychological perspective: inclusion and contact Summary. In linguistic semantics, prepositions for spatial relations are considered highly polysemous. While in this field, a semasiological perspective, i.e. the analysis of meaning(s), is preferred, this paper offers a classification as well as a formal definition of the human conception of topological relations between objects from the perspective of onomasiology. It starts from the psychological assumption that objects are assigned both proper places and regions, the interrelations of which lead to nine distinguishable classes of relations between objects pertaining to inclusion and contact. Spatial expressions convey spatial relations on the basis of (or at least independent of) already cognized objects, they do not convey the conception of the related objects themselves. With respect to successful communication, therefore, the polysemy problem turns out to be less important. Zusammenfassung. Raumrelationale Präpositionen werden in der linguistischen Semantik als hochgradig polysem beschrieben. Der dort bevorzugten semasiologischen Bedeutungsanalyse wird aus einer onomasiologischen Perspektive eine Taxonomie der menschlichen kognitiven Auffassung topologischer Objektrelationen gegenübergestellt und formal definiert. Ausgangspunkt ist die psychologische Annahme, daß der Mensch Objekten Eigenörter und Regionen zuweist, aus deren Relationen sich neun unterscheidbare Klassen von Inklusions- und Kontaktrelationen zwischen Objekten ergeben. Da mit raumreferentiellen Ausdrücken Raumrelationen bei gegebener (oder zumindest von der verwendeten Präposition unabhängiger) Kognition der relatierten Objekte vermittelt werden und nicht die Auffassung der Objekte selbst, wird mit Blick auf eine gelingende Kommunikation das Polysemieproblem ein Stück weit 'entzaubert'. 相似文献
252.
Esther Stroe-Kunold Tetiana Stadnytska Joachim Werner Simone Braun 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):909-923
Recent studies have shown that many physiological and behavioral processes can be characterized by long-range correlations.
The Hurst exponent H of fractal analysis and the fractional-differencing parameter d of the ARFIMA methodology are useful for capturing serial correlations. In this study, we report on different estimators
of H and d implemented in R, a popular and freely available software package. By means of Monte Carlo simulations, we analyzed the performance
of (1) the Geweke—Porter-Hudak estimator, (2) the approximate maximum likelihood algorithm, (3) the smoothed periodogram approach,
(4) the Whittle estimator, (5) rescaled range analysis, (6) a modified periodogram, (7) Higuchi’s method, and (8) detrended
fluctuation analysis. The findings—confined to ARFIMA (0, d, 0) models and fractional Gaussian noise—identify the best estimators for persistent and antipersistent series. Two examples
combining these results with the step-by-step procedure proposed by Delignières et al. (2006) demonstrate how this evaluation
can be used as a guideline in a typical research situation. 相似文献
253.
Interpersonal trust is a mental construct with implications for social functioning and economic behavior. We review contemporary theories of trust from behavioral economics and social psychology. Neoclassical economic theory considers trust in strangers to be irrational, but observed behavior reveals widespread trust and trustworthiness. Theories of social preferences and adherence to social norms have been proposed to rationalize trust. Psychological approaches investigate trusting behavior in terms of an underlying disposition, intergroup processes, and cognitive expectations. The breadth of these approaches illustrates the multi‐faceted nature of trusting behavior. The determinants of trust are related to the relevant characteristics of the individual, the situation, and their interaction. 相似文献
254.
In this paper we discuss three interrelated questions. First: is explanation in mathematics a topic that philosophers of mathematics can legitimately investigate? Second: are the specific aims that philosophers of mathematical explanation set themselves legitimate? Finally: are the models of explanation developed by philosophers of science useful tools for philosophers of mathematical explanation? We argue that the answer to all these questions is positive. Our views are completely opposite to the views that Mark Zelcer has put forward recently. Throughout this paper, we show why Zelcer’s arguments fail. 相似文献
255.
256.
Joachim Wündisch 《Philosophical Studies》2017,174(4):837-851
Excusable ignorance not only undermines moral culpability but also agent-responsibility. Therefore, excusable ignorance absolves of liability for costs. Specifically, it defeats liability that is meant to be derived from causal responsibility wherever strict liability cannot be justified. To establish these claims this paper (1) assesses the potential of arguments for liability of excusably ignorant agents and thereby demarcates the proper domain of strict liability and (2) traces the intuition that seemingly supports strict liability accounts to more general principles. The paper concludes that liability cannot be justified in cases of excusable ignorance. Finally, it (3) stresses that although excusable ignorance defeats the link from causal responsibility to liability for costs this does not imply that victims are left to fend for themselves. 相似文献
257.
Strategies Aimed at Reducing Gender Differences in Negotiation Are Perceived by Women as Ineffective
Sex Roles - Women often fare worse in negotiations than men. Negotiation researchers, trainers, and policymakers thus aim to find solutions—such as specific strategies for female... 相似文献
258.
The ability to plan and search ahead is essential for problem solving in most situations in everyday life. To investigate the development of planning and related processes, a sample of four- and five-year-old children was examined in a variant of the Tower of London, a frequently used neuropsychological assessment tool of planning abilities. The applied problems either required searching ahead for optimal solution or were solvable by pure step-by-step forward processing. Furthermore, the ambiguity of subgoal ordering was varied.Results revealed an age-related effect of search depth: the four-year olds’ planning accuracy was particularly decreased in problems demanding search ahead, while five-year olds mastered both problem types equally well. Interestingly, this interaction between age and search depth could not be accounted for by measures of working memory and inhibition. Differential effects of age were also found for subgoal ordering with respect to initial planning and movement execution times. In sum, planning abilities showed considerable development during late kindergarten age that appeared to be specifically associated with the integration and back-validation of the anticipated consequences of internally modeled actions. The present study demonstrates that a careful consideration of problem structure may greatly enhance the insights gained from the application of a routinely used assessment tool, the Tower of London. This may be especially advantageous when addressing specific subpopulations such as children or clinical samples. 相似文献
259.
260.
Many school teachers suffer from stress and burnout, and perfectionism is a personality characteristic that has been associated with increased stress, maladaptive coping, and burnout. Recent findings, however, show that perfectionism has both positive and negative facets. To investigate how these facets are related to stress, coping, and burnout in teachers, a sample of 118 secondary school teachers completed multidimensional measures of perfectionism, stress appraisals, coping styles, and burnout. Multiple regression analyses showed that striving for perfection was positively related to challenge appraisals and active coping and inversely to threat/loss appraisals, avoidant coping, and burnout whereas negative reactions to imperfection were positively related to threat/loss appraisals, avoidant coping, and burnout and inversely to challenge appraisals and active coping. Perceived pressure to be perfect showed differential relationships depending on the source of pressure: Whereas pressure from students was positively related to loss appraisals and pressure from students' parents was positively related to burnout, pressure from colleagues was inversely related to threat appraisals and burnout. The findings suggest that striving for perfection and perceived pressure from colleagues do not contribute to stress and burnout in teachers, whereas negative reactions to imperfection and perceived pressure from students and students' parents may be contributing factors. 相似文献