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11.
In this paper we consider the relations existing between four deductive systems that have been called categorial grammars and have relevant connections with linguistic investigations: the syntactic calculus, bilinear logic, compact bilinear logic and Curry's semantic calculus. 相似文献
12.
Stolz JA McCann RS 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2000,26(4):1320-1331
Three experiments examine whether spatial attention and visual word recognition processes operate independently or interactively in a spatially cued lexical-decision task. Participants responded to target strings that had been preceded first by a prime word at fixation and then by an abrupt onset cue either above or below fixation. Targets appeared either in the cued (i.e., valid) or uncued (i.e., invalid) location. The proportion of validly cued trials and the proportion of semantically related prime-target pairs were manipulated independently. It is concluded that spatial attention and visual word recognition processes are best seen as interactive. Spatial attention affects word recognition in 2 distinct ways: (a) it affects the uptake of orthographic information, possibly acting as "glue" to hold letters in their proper places in words, and (b) it (partly) determines whether or not activation from the semantic level feeds down to the lexical level during word recognition. 相似文献
13.
Visual word recognition is commonly argued to be automatic in the sense that it is obligatory and ballistic. The present experiments
combined Stroop and visual search paradigms to provide a novel test of this claim. An array of three, five, or seven words
including one colored target (a word in Experiments 1 and 2, a bar in Experiment 3) was presented to participants. An irrelevant
color word also appeared in the display and was either integrated with or separated from the colored target. The participants
classified the color of the single colored item in Experiments 1 and 3 and determined whether a target color was present or
absent in Experiment 2. A Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 1 when the color word and the color target were integral,
but not when the color word and the color target were separated. No Stroop effect was observed in Experiment 2. Visual word
recognition is contingent on both the distribution of spatial attention and task demands. 相似文献
14.
Changing features do not guide attention in change detection: Evidence from a spatial cuing paradigm
Smilek, Eastwood, and Merikle (2000) demonstrated that the detection of change was facilitated when the target character changed
in many rather than few of its features. Specifically, the function relating search response time to display set size was
shallower when more features changed than when fewer features changed. The researchers interpreted these results as indicating
that large feature changes provide preattentive guidance of focal attention to the location of the change. We tested this
preattentive guidance hypothesis by examining change detection performance in the context of a spatial cuing paradigm. The
hypothesis predicts that (1) the cost on invalidly cued trials should be less when more features change than when fewer features
change, and (2) the features manipulation should have no effect on validly cued trials. In contrast to these predictions,
our results show that cuing effects are equivalent across all levels of feature change and that a robust effect of the features
manipulation is observable for both validly and invalidly cued trials. We argue that large feature changes do not provide
preattentive guidance and in fact can be detected more readilyafter attention is already in place at the target location. 相似文献
15.
Krueger JI 《Psychological review》2003,110(3):585-90; discussion 595-600
The protocentrism paradigm of social prediction (R. Karniol, 2003) challenges the egocentrism paradigm tacitly accepted by many researchers. The author reviews the 2 paradigms comparatively by focusing on 3 conceptual and 3 empirical issues. On conceptual grounds, the author suggests that the egocentrism paradigm has been proven useful because of (a) its greater breadth and parsimony, (b) the difficulties in documenting the origin of protocenters, and (c) the indeterminate nature of self-as-distinct tags (which are crucial to protocentrism). On empirical grounds, the author argues that in research on perceptions of self-other similarities, the egocentric process of social projection is well-established. Self-referent knowledge (a) is most readily accessible, (b) receives greater weight in prediction tasks than does other-referent knowledge, and (c) tends to be suppressed only temporarily, with effort, and incompletely. 相似文献
16.
The present experiments aimed at separating the impact stimulus and response predictions have on serial learning and performance in SRT tasks. In Experiment 1, a unique transition between two of four responses in an otherwise random response sequence was triggered by ambiguous stimulus transitions, allowing local response predictions but no stimulus predictions. The data indicated explicit transition knowledge and strong performance benefits. In Experiments 2 and 3, unique transitions between two of four stimuli in otherwise random stimulus sequences allowed local stimulus predictions under conditions of ambiguous response transitions. The data indicated fragmentary explicit transition knowledge but no performance effects. Experiments 4a and 4b reveal that the inefficacy of the unique stimulus transitions in Experiments 2 and 3 was presumably due to the fact that the stimuli differed with respect to conjunctions of response relevant and response irrelevant features which participants did not have to attend. However, although in Experiments 4a and 4b unique transitions between response relevant stimuli were applied, substantial explicit transition knowledge but only marginal performance effects resulted. It is argued i) that in SRT tasks learning mechanisms are addressed that primarily strive for reliable predictions of forthcoming responses and ii) that for these mechanisms to work the predictors have to be attended. Response transitions are easily learned and used because both criteria are fulfilled. In contrast, pure stimulus transitions are learned only if the predictive stimuli are attended, and learned stimulus transitions become effective only to the extent that the predicted stimuli specify the required responses. 相似文献
17.
The aim of the present paper is three-fold: it reveals the inherent limitations of the concept of disorder in psychopathology and psychotherapy. It argues that characteristics of the person such as individuality, subjectivity and identity, have to be considered in psychiatric and psychotherapeutic concepts. And it shows that psychotherapy is dependent on cultural, social and socio-economic factors that are neglected in many theories. The paper uses clinical and epistemological arguments. It arrives at the conclusion that the above mentioned limitations have a common ground. They could be overcome, if psychiatry and psychotherapy were self-reflective and self-critical in respect to the inherent limitations of theory and practice and if they integrated concepts of being different in their basic theories so that symptoms, persons and cultural or societal peculiarities could be recognised and acknowledged.—The paper has been written as a comment to D. Orlinsky's statements considering disorder-specific psychotherapies from the viewpoint of psychotherapy research. 相似文献
18.
Two studies examined the role of goal imagery (i.e., the perception-like mental representation of the pursuit and attainment of a goal) in establishing congruence between individuals' implicit motives and their inclination to pursue explicit goals assigned to them. Study 1 found that after a goal-imagery exercise, implicit needs for power and affiliation predicted participants' affective arousal and their commitment to a social-interaction goal furnished with power- and affiliation-related incentives. In Study 2, implicit power motivation predicted the level of performance participants achieved in pursuit of a competitive performance goal after a goal-imagery exercise. Without goal imagery, however, participants' motivation to pursue an explicit goal was independent of their implicit motive dispositions in both studies. 相似文献
19.
Eight studies with data from 2316 students are presented describing the development and preliminary validation of the Physical
Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS), a brief measure with two subscales: Worry About Imperfection and Hope For Perfection.
Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the measure’s two-dimensional structure. Moreover, correlation
analyses provided first evidence for the two subscales’ differential validity: Worry About Imperfection showed negative correlations
with positive self-perceptions of one’s appearance (e.g., appearance self-esteem) and positive correlations with maladaptive
concerns aspects of perfectionism, physical appearance concerns (e.g., body image disturbances), and body weight control whereas
Hope For Perfection showed positive correlations with positive striving aspects of perfectionism, positive self-perceptions,
and impression management. In addition, all PAPS scores showed high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) and temporal stability
(test-retest). Overall the findings suggest that the PAPS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess positive and negative
aspects of physical appearance perfectionism. 相似文献
20.
Nilüfer Aydin Joachim I. Krueger Julia Fischer Dana Hahn Andreas Kastenmüller Dieter Frey Peter Fischer 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(1):446-449
A substantial amount of research shows that social exclusion is a threat to mental health. In the research reported here, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of a companion animal can serve as a buffer against these adverse effects. In a controlled laboratory experiment, we found that only socially excluded participants who did not work in the presence of a dog reported lower mental well-being compared with socially excluded participants who performed in the presence of a dog and participants who were not socially excluded. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献