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251.
Jo Ann Oravec 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2004,17(3-4):106-123
Collaborative filtering is being used within organizations and in community contexts for knowledge management and decision
support as well as the facilitation of interactions among individuals. This article analyzes rhetorical and technical efforts
to establish trust in the constructions of individual opinions, reputations, and tastes provided by these systems. These initiatives
have some important parallels with early efforts to support quantitative opinion polling and construct the notion of “public
opinion.” The article explores specific ways to increase trust in these systems, albeit a “guarded trust” in which individuals
actively seek information about system foibles and analyze the reputations of participants.
She received her MBA, MA, MS, and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. She taught computer information
systems and public policy at Baruch College of the City University of New York and also taught in the School of Business and
the Computer Sciences Department at UW-Madison. In the 1990s, she served as the chair of the Privacy Council of the State
of Wisconsin, the nation’s first state-level council dealing with information technology and privacy issues. She has written
several books (including Virtual Individuals, Virtual Groups: Human Dimensions of Groupware and Computer Networking, Cambridge University Press and Home as Information Space: Electronic Commerce and the Domestication of Computer Networking, forthcoming). She has worked for public television and developed software along with her academic ventures. 相似文献
252.
Joël Bradmetz 《Axiomathes》2002,13(2):127-146
Beyond their linguistic and rhetorical uses, the mental epistemic verbs to knowand to believe reveal a basic conceptual system for human intentionality and the theory of representational mind. Numerous studies, particularly
in the field of child development, have been devoted to the conditions under which knowledge and belief are acquired. Upstream
of this empirical approach, this paper proposes a topological model of the conceptual structure underlying the linguistic
use of to know and to believe. A cusp model of catastrophe theory is chosen to model the formation of epistemic states. Its main characteristic is considering
to believe as an intermediate state which lacks stability and presents the delayed effect of hysteresis. The attribution of mental states
to the other (viewpoint of the third person) is obtained by the crossing of first and third person knowledge and belief, which
gives rise to new categories (to know if and to falsely believe) and closes the system. Another merging of the beliefs of persons A and B, using the butterfly catastrophe, provides a model
of interpersonal belief appreciated by an independent observer along a potential evolving from agreement to disagreement.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
253.
Margaret Jo Shepherd 《Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies》2002,4(3):331-337
The articles in this issue of the Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies pose a dilemma for educators. On the one hand, each article describes an important psychosocial intervention implemented in schools. On the other hand, these interventions, at least as described in the articles, are either imposed on the work of teachers and students or isolated from that work. Either circumstance ultimately limits the impact of the intervention. I claim that analysts and teachers are natural allies despite lack of evidence for alliance in these articles. To extend that alliance beyond conversations about individual children, analysts must understand that teachers' views of learning and development are different from those that influence the organization and management of schools. 相似文献
254.
Somatoform disorders are not only marked by somatic symptoms, but also by significant disturbances in interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal difficulties – including the maladaptive pattern of illness behavior and the resulting difficult doctor-patient-relationship – are an important field of therapeutic intervention (Nickel u. Egle 1999). The interpersonal problems which are characteristic in patients with somatoform disorders draw attention to the developmental aspects of these conditions. Attachment theory provides a promising framework for understanding these developmental features. In the paper presented we therefore apply concepts and observations from attachment theory to somatoform disorders. After a brief review of attachment theory we specifically discuss the developmental aspects of representation formation in somatization. As next, empirical evidence is reviewed that link attachment insecurity to the development of somatoform disorders. Finally a vulnerability model of somatoform disorders is outlined. 相似文献
255.
In this paper we present a new model for invariant object categorization and recognition. It is based on explicit multi-scale
features: lines, edges and keypoints are extracted from responses of simple, complex and end-stopped cells in cortical area
V1, and keypoints are used to construct saliency maps for Focus-of-Attention. The model is a functional but dichotomous one,
because keypoints are employed to model the “where” data stream, with dynamic routing of features from V1 to higher areas
to obtain translation, rotation and size invariance, whereas lines and edges are employed in the “what” stream for object
categorization and recognition. Furthermore, both the “where” and “what” pathways are dynamic in that information at coarse
scales is employed first, after which information at progressively finer scales is added in order to refine the processes,
i.e., both the dynamic feature routing and the categorization level. The construction of group and object templates, which
are thought to be available in the prefrontal cortex with “what” and “where” components in PF46d and PF46v, is also illustrated.
The model was tested in the framework of an integrated and biologically plausible architecture.
相似文献
J. M. Hans du BufEmail: |
256.
CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE DURING FIXED‐INTERVAL RESPONDING IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS
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Jo DeWeese 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,92(3):379-385
Episodic and sustained increases in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure can occur with recurring patterns of schedule‐controlled behavior. Most previous studies were conducted under fixed‐ratio schedules, which maintained a consistent high rate of responding that alternated with periods of no responding during times when the schedule was not in operation. The present study examined changes in heart rate and blood pressure under fixed‐interval schedules which maintained a range of rates that varied from little or no responding at the beginning of the fixed interval to high rates at the end of the interval. The relations of cardiovascular function to rate of responding were examined. Squirrel monkeys prepared with arterial catheters were trained to respond under fixed‐interval schedules of electric‐shock presentation. The duration of the interval was varied across sessions and cardiovascular parameters were examined. Local rates of responding were typically near zero during timeout periods, low at the beginning of each fixed‐interval cycle, and then increased as the fixed interval progressed. At most schedule durations, arterial blood pressure and heart rate levels were lowest at the beginning of the interval cycles, increased as the rate of responding increased, and then decreased during the timeout periods. At all parameters studied, there was a direct relationship between changes in response rate within fixed‐interval cycles and changes in heart rate and blood pressure. The results suggest that a much closer concordance of these cardiovascular parameters and schedule‐controlled responding is obtained by examining ongoing behavior as it occurs within the contingencies by which it is maintained. 相似文献
257.
In a multiple regression analysis with three or more predictors, every set of alternate weights belongs to an infinite class
of “fungible weights” (Waller, Psychometrica, in press) that yields identical SSE (sum of squared errors) and R
2 values. When the R
2 using the alternate weights is a fixed value, fungible weights (a
i
) that yield the maximum or minimum cosine with an OLS weight vector (b) are called “fungible extrema.” We describe two methods for locating fungible extrema and we report R code (R Development Core Team, 2007) for one of the methods. We then describe a new approach for populating a class of fungible weights that is derived from
the geometry of alternate regression weights. Finally, we illustrate how fungible weights can be profitably used to gauge
parameter sensitivity in linear models by locating the fungible extrema of a regression model of executive compensation (Horton
& Guerard, Commun. Stat. Simul. Comput. 14:441–448, 1985). 相似文献
258.
Research considering the effect of Presidential speech making style shows individuals are likely to attend to and be emotionally
affected by the facial expressions of leaders, especially those that are inappropriate for the context. In this study we tested
how rapid and subtle expressions of facial affect (i.e., expressions of less than one-second, often termed micro-expressions)
in speeches by a political leader impacts participants’ emotional state. We do this by removing seven brief expressions (less
than one-second) from a nearly twelve minute televised speech by President George H. W. Bush concerning the 1990 commitment
of US military in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. FACS coding identified all these expressions as containing a component
of smiling (lip corner puller: AU12), in some cases with the addition of other facial movements (sometimes associated with
anger and/or disgust). Experiments carried out on 206 university undergraduates showed emotional state was altered as a result
of these micro-expressions when the control (unaltered speech) and experimental group (micro-expressions removed from speech)
were compared. Specifically, participants who viewed the micro-expressions felt less threatened and less angry. Thus, facial
expression (even very brief micro-expressions) can have a significant impact on the receiver of a political speech.
相似文献
Patrick A. StewartEmail: |
259.
260.
In experiment 1, individually housed rats subjected to short-term food restriction displayed more territorial aggression toward conspecific intruders than controls maintained on a free-feeding diet. In experiment 2, small groups of three adult male rats had access to either a standard laboratory diet or the standard diet plus sucrose. Groups with the sucrose supplement were significantly less aggressive toward intruders than controls. Sucrose availability did not produce appreciable gains in body weight but it did reliably decrease within-colony weight variation. The results suggest the existence of an effective dietary mechanism that enables a social species such as Rattus norvegicus to tolerate each other in dense feeding aggregations when food is abundant. Conversely, when food is limited, social intolerance increases and serves to limit the development of large feeding groups. 相似文献