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71.
The aim of the present investigation was to study the visual communication between humans and dogs in relatively complex situations.
In the present research, we have modelled more lifelike situations in contrast to previous studies which often relied on using
only two potential hiding locations and direct association between the communicative signal and the signalled object. In Study
1, we have provided the dogs with four potential hiding locations, two on each side of the experimenter to see whether dogs
are able to choose the correct location based on the pointing gesture. In Study 2, dogs had to rely on a sequence of pointing
gestures displayed by two different experimenters. We have investigated whether dogs are able to recognise an ‘indirect signal’,
that is, a pointing toward a pointer. In Study 3, we have examined whether dogs can understand indirect information about
a hidden object and direct the owner to the particular location. Study 1 has revealed that dogs are unlikely to rely on extrapolating
precise linear vectors along the pointing arm when relying on human pointing gestures. Instead, they rely on a simple rule
of following the side of the human gesturing. If there were more targets on the same side of the human, they showed a preference
for the targets closer to the human. Study 2 has shown that dogs are able to rely on indirect pointing gestures but the individual
performances suggest that this skill may be restricted to a certain level of complexity. In Study 3, we have found that dogs
are able to localise the hidden object by utilising indirect human signals, and they are able to convey this information to
their owner. 相似文献
72.
It is well established that humans and other animals may treat two perceptually different cues alike, if the cues have been
individually paired with a common antecedent or a common consequence. Recently, Molet et al. (Psychon Bull Rev 18:618–623,
2011) reported evidence for a new form of acquired equivalence in human conditional discrimination, namely context-mediated equivalence.
In the present research, using a flavor conditioning procedure, we asked whether rats would show similar context-mediated
equivalence to demonstrate that this new form of acquired equivalence is a general phenomenon. Rats experienced two flavor
cues A and B each presented either in the same context, X, or each in its own distinctive context, X or Y. Subsequently, the
rats experienced B with sucrose in a third context, Z, and then the generalization of conditioning to A was assessed. When
tested in Context Z, consumption of A was more marked when A and B had both been presented in the same context than when they
had been presented in two different contexts. Thus, importantly, in the absence of the training context, cues that shared
a common context at different times came to be treated as equivalent. This represents the first evidence of context-mediated
equivalence in a nonhuman species. 相似文献
73.
Recent dog-infant comparisons have indicated that the experimenter's communicative signals in object hide-and-search tasks increase the probability of perseverative (A-not-B) errors in both species (Topál et al. 2009). These behaviourally similar results, however, might reflect different mechanisms in dogs and in children. Similar errors may occur if the motor response of retrieving the object during the A trials cannot be inhibited in the B trials or if the experimenter's movements and signals toward the A hiding place in the B trials ('sham-baiting') distract the dogs' attention. In order to test these hypotheses, we tested dogs similarly to Topál et al. (2009) but eliminated the motor search in the A trials and 'sham-baiting' in the B trials. We found that neither an inability to inhibit previously rewarded motor response nor insufficiencies in their working memory and/or attention skills can explain dogs' erroneous choices. Further, we replicated the finding that dogs have a strong tendency to commit the A-not-B error after ostensive-communicative hiding and demonstrated the crucial effect of socio-communicative cues as the A-not-B error diminishes when location B is ostensively enhanced. These findings further support the hypothesis that the dogs' A-not-B error may reflect a special sensitivity to human communicative cues. Such object-hiding and search tasks provide a typical case for how susceptibility to human social signals could (mis)lead domestic dogs. 相似文献
74.
75.
Gül Günaydin Vivian Zayas Emre Selcuk Cindy Hazan 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(1):350-353
Does a new person's objective facial resemblance to a significant other influence snap judgments of liking, and if so, does this effect occur even when individuals are not consciously aware of the resemblance? Participants (romantic couples) made trait judgments about 24 novel faces, each shown for 500 ms. Objective facial resemblance was manipulated using morphing techniques such that half of the novel faces resembled participants' partner and half did not. We found that women's evaluations of novel men who resembled their partner (vs. those who did not) were more positive, but men's evaluations of novel women were not appreciably affected by facial resemblance. These results held even when individuals were not consciously aware of the resemblance. Moreover, the effect of facial resemblance on judgments of liking was more pronounced for individuals who were more satisfied in their relationship, suggesting that these results were due to activating the specific partner representation (rather than familiarity). This research shows that objective facial resemblance to a significant other influences snap judgments of liking automatically, effortlessly, and without conscious awareness. 相似文献
76.
We studied the acquisition of the ordinal meaning of number words and examined its development relative to the acquisition of the cardinal meaning. Three groups of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children were tested in two tasks requiring the use of number words in both cardinal and ordinal contexts. Understanding of the counting principles was also measured by asking the children to assess the correctness of a cartoon character's counting in both contexts. In general, the children performed cardinal tasks significantly better than ordinal ones. Tasks requiring the production of the number for a given quantity or position were solved more accurately than those testing the ability to select a set of n objects or the object in the nth position. Different profiles were obtained for the principles; those principles shared by the two contexts were mastered earlier in the cardinal context. Regarding order (ir)relevance, older children adhered to rigid ways of counting, producing better results in the ordinal context and incorrect rejections in the cardinal trials. Altogether, our data indicate that the acquisitions of cardinal and ordinal meanings of numbers are related, and cardinality precedes the development of ordinality. 相似文献
77.
Thijs Verwijmeren Johan C. Karremans Wolfgang Stroebe Daniël H.J. Wigboldus 《Learning and motivation》2012,43(3):107-115
An important process by which preferences emerge is evaluative conditioning, defined as a change in the evaluation of a stimulus by pairing it repeatedly and consistently with an affective stimulus. The current research focuses on the role of motivation in this learning process. Specifically, it was investigated whether a conditioning procedure that is relevant to an individual's current goals is more effective than an irrelevant procedure. To this end, beverages were conditioned with either disgusted faces (relevant) or fearful faces (irrelevant). The results showed that thirsty(rather than non-thirsty) participants’ choice and evaluation of beverages were influenced by pairing beverages with disgust but not with fear. As similar results were obtained under optimal and suboptimal presentation of the conditioned stimuli, it is suggested that goals can affect automatic, associative learning, adding to the emerging body of research demonstrating that goals unconsciously affect evaluative processes. 相似文献
78.
79.
We question the plausibility of Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) argument that localised pathogen-host coevolution leads to out-groups having pathogens more damaging than those infecting one's own family or religious group. 相似文献
80.