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221.
Ravizza SM Goudreau J Delgado MR Ruiz S 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(1):193-206
Disruption of the dorsal frontostriatal pathways in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with impairments in motivation,
as well as in executive function. The goal of this study was to investigate whether these impairments are related and, if
so, whether the disruption of frontostriatal pathways compromises the ability to process the motivational aspects of feedback
in such tasks. In Experiment 1, informative feedback improved the performance of young, healthy participants in a task-switching paradigm. This task-switching
paradigm was then used in Experiment 2 to test whether feedback would improve the performance of 17 PD patients and age-matched controls. The PD group benefitted
from feedback to the same degree as control participants; however, depression scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were
significantly related to feedback usage, especially when response selection demands were high. Regardless of feedback, PD
patients were more impaired when response demands were high than in an equally difficult condition with low action demands.
These results suggest that response selection is a core impairment of insufficient dopamine to the dorsal frontal striatal
pathways. 相似文献
222.
Although the amount or scale of biographical knowledge held in store about a person may differ widely, little is known about
whether and how these differences may affect the retrieval processes triggered by the person’s face. In a learning paradigm,
we manipulated the scale of biographical knowledge while controlling for a common set of minimal knowledge and perceptual
experience with the faces. A few days after learning, and again after 6 months, knowledge effects were assessed in three tasks,
none of which concerned the additional knowledge. Whereas the performance effects of additional knowledge were small, event-related
brain potentials recorded during testing showed amplitude modulations in the time range of the N400 component—indicative of
knowledge access—but also at a much earlier latency in the P100 component—reflecting early stages of visual analysis. However,
no effects were found in the N170 component, which is taken to reflect structural analyses of faces. The present findings
replicate knowledge scale effects in object recognition and suggest that enhanced knowledge affects both early visual processes
and the later processes associated with semantic processing, even when this knowledge is not task-relevant. 相似文献
223.
This study examined how self-relevant failure influences error monitoring—as reflected in the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN)
—and behavioral adaptation during subsequent feedback-based learning. We applied two phases (pre- and posttest) of a probabilistic
learning task. Between pre- and posttest, participants were assigned to one of two groups receiving either failure feedback
or no feedback during a visual search task described as diagnostic of intellectual abilities. To disentangle the effects of
failure and motivational disengagement due to prolonged task performance, we linked the posttest to intelligence (Experiment
1) or described it in neutral terms (Experiment 2). Failure induction was associated with an increase in Ne/ERN amplitude at posttest in both experiments, although there were
no differences in overall performance. In contrast, the Ne/ERN decreased from pre- to posttest in the no-failure-feedback
group, particularly in Experiment 2. Furthermore, failure feedback affected error-related behavioral adjustments, suggesting a shift toward a reactive, error-driven
mode of behavior control. These findings emphasize the importance of affective-motivational state in error processing and
subsequent behavioral adaptation. 相似文献
224.
We investigated the effect of anxiety on police officers' shooting decisions. Thirty-six police officers participated and executed a low- and high-anxiety video-based test that required them to shoot or not shoot at rapidly appearing suspects that either had a gun and "shot," or had no gun and "surrendered." Anxiety was manipulated by turning on (high anxiety) or turning off (low anxiety) a so-called "shootback canon" that could fire small plastic bullets at the participants. When performing under anxiety, police officers showed a response bias toward shooting, implying that they accidentally shot more often at suspects that surrendered. Furthermore, shot accuracy was lower under anxiety and officers responded faster when suspects had a gun. Finally, because gaze behavior appeared to be unaffected by anxiety, it is concluded that when they were anxious, officers were more inclined to respond on the basis of threat-related inferences and expectations rather than objective, task-relevant visual information. 相似文献
225.
The present study addressed the hypothesis that emotional stimuli relevant to survival or reproduction (biologically emotional
stimuli) automatically affect cognitive processing (e.g., attention, memory), while those relevant to social life (socially
emotional stimuli) require elaborative processing to modulate attention and memory. Results of our behavioral studies showed
that (1) biologically emotional images hold attention more strongly than do socially emotional images, (2) memory for biologically
emotional images was enhanced even with limited cognitive resources, but (3) memory for socially emotional images was enhanced
only when people had sufficient cognitive resources at encoding. Neither images’ subjective arousal nor their valence modulated
these patterns. A subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that biologically emotional images induced
stronger activity in the visual cortex and greater functional connectivity between the amygdala and visual cortex than did
socially emotional images. These results suggest that the interconnection between the amygdala and visual cortex supports
enhanced attention allocation to biological stimuli. In contrast, socially emotional images evoked greater activity in the
medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and yielded stronger functional connectivity between the amygdala and MPFC than did biological
images. Thus, it appears that emotional processing of social stimuli involves elaborative processing requiring frontal lobe
activity. 相似文献
226.
José M. Oliveira Eliane Volchan Claudia D. Vargas Sônia Gleiser Isabel A. David 《Behavior research methods》2012,44(4):1115-1120
Brain event-related potentials are a useful tool for investigating visual processing and action planning. This technique requires extremely accurate synchronization of stimulus delivery with recordings. The precision of the onset time of visual stimulus delivery is a major challenge when attempting to use real, three-dimensional objects as stimuli. Here, we present an innovative device, the “box for interaction with objects” (BIO), that is designed to synchronize the presentation of objects with electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. To reach the required resolution of stimulus-onset timing, the BIO system features an interface with reflective glass and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). When the LEDs inside the BIO are turned on, the object inside becomes visible, and a synchronizing pulse is sent to the recording systems. The BIO was tested in a motivational study that focused on visual and motor event-related potentials. EEG signals were recorded during the presentation of an emotion-laden object that could be grasped and brought close to the participant’s chest. BIO successfully synchronized the appearance of a three-dimensional object with EEG recordings, which would allow for an analysis of visual and motor event-related potentials in the same experiment. The BIO device, through a high-quality psychophysiological approach, offers a new perspective for the study of the motivational factors that drive actions toward relevant stimuli. 相似文献
227.
Baguley T 《Behavior research methods》2012,44(1):158-175
The psychological and statistical literature contains several proposals for calculating and plotting confidence intervals
(CIs) for within-subjects (repeated measures) ANOVA designs. A key distinction is between intervals supporting inference about
patterns of means (and differences between pairs of means, in particular) and those supporting inferences about individual
means. In this report, it is argued that CIs for the former are best accomplished by adapting intervals proposed by Cousineau
(Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 1, 42–45, 2005) and Morey (Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 4, 61–64, 2008) so that nonoverlapping CIs for individual means correspond to a confidence for their difference that does not include zero.
CIs for the latter can be accomplished by fitting a multilevel model. In situations in which both types of inference are of
interest, the use of a two-tiered CI is recommended. Free, open-source, cross-platform software for such interval estimates
and plots (and for some common alternatives) is provided in the form of R functions for one-way within-subjects and two-way
mixed ANOVA designs. These functions provide an easy-to-use solution to the difficult problem of calculating and displaying
within-subjects CIs. 相似文献
228.
Welch’s (Biometrika 29: 350–362, 1938) procedure has emerged as a robust alternative to the Student’s t test for comparing the means of two normal populations with unknown and possibly unequal variances. To facilitate the advocated
statistical practice of confidence intervals and further improve the potential applicability of Welch’s procedure, in the
present article, we consider exact approaches to optimize sample size determinations for precise interval estimation of the
difference between two means under various allocation and cost considerations. The desired precision of a confidence interval
is assessed with respect to the control of expected half-width, and to the assurance probability of interval half-width within
a designated value. Furthermore, the design schemes in terms of participant allocation and cost constraints include (a) giving
the ratio of group sizes, (b) specifying one sample size, (c) attaining maximum precision performance for a fixed cost, and
(d) meeting a specified precision level for the least cost. The proposed methods provide useful alternatives to the conventional
sample size procedures. Also, the developed programs expand the degree of generality for the existing statistical software
packages and can be accessed at brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/ supplemental. 相似文献
229.
Giovanna Leone 《Cognitive processing》2012,13(2):477-485
In face-to-face interactions, some social signals are aimed at regulating scaffolding processes, by which more knowledgeable people try to help less knowledgeable ones, to enable them to learn new concepts or skills (Vygotsky 1978). Observing face-to-face scaffolding interactions might not only allow us to grasp a large variety of these highly interesting social signals but may also be useful for the sake of scaffolding processes themselves. It often happens, in fact, that the empowering intentions implicit in these processes end up falling short, if the social signals regulating this specific kind of face-to-face interaction are misunderstood. Interestingly, many of these misunderstood aspects are related to the recipient’s role. Indeed, attention is usually focused on the behavior of those imparting the knowledge, while skills already mastered by the learners, as well as their feedback, tend not to be taken as much into account. For the purpose of exploring the often very subtly nuanced social signals regulating on-going scaffolding processes in real-life interactions, an example of a methodological tool is presented: one already used to observe the interactions of dyads of Italian primary school teachers and their pupils, and mothers and their children. The article leads to two main conclusions: that the results of instances of scaffolding may be predicted as to their success or otherwise simply by telescoping crucial social signals during the scaffolding’s initial phases, and that when helpers disregard these signals the effects of their actions may be detrimental or even humiliating for the receivers, notwithstanding the helper’s intentions. 相似文献
230.
Helen De Cruz 《Cognitive processing》2012,13(1):137-140
Several philosophical theories attempt to explain how actions performed in the world enhance cognitive processing: internalism, active externalism, and cognitive integration. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the use of spatial representations in arithmetic can shed light on this debate. Relying on philosophical analysis, on a discussion of empirical work in the cognitive neuroscience of number, and on a historical case study, I will show that spatial representations of number indicate an integration between internal and external cognitive processes. 相似文献