国外积极偏离行为的研究述评

偏离行为的研究在社会学和组织行为学领域都有较丰富的成果,然而其关注点主要集中于对社会或组织产生负面作用的消极偏离行为。近年来相关领域的学者越来越关注积极偏离行为（Positive Deviance, PD）的研究。该文综述了关于积极偏离行为的定义的各方观点,同时分析了积极偏离行为与相似构念的差异,并综述了积极偏离行为的测量方式,以及积极偏离行为的前因变量和结果变量。最后对积极偏离行为未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Adolescent mental health in Japan and Russia: The role of body image,bullying victimisation and school environment

This study examined associations between self-reported mental health problems, body image, bullying victimisation and school safety in large adolescent samples in Japan and Russia, considering the effects of gender, culture and their interactions. In both Japan and Russia, girls reported a greater number of mental health problems, less bullying victimisation and much higher body dissatisfaction than boys did. Japanese adolescents rated themselves higher on total difficulties, reported less body dissatisfaction and bullying victimisation, and rated their school safety lower than that of Russian youths. Cross-cultural differences in total difficulties and body image were qualified by gender. Body dissatisfaction, bullying victimisation and school safety all independently contributed to adolescent mental health problems. The protective effect of school safety on total difficulties was larger for girls than for boys; the strength of the association between bullying victimisation and adolescent mental health problems differed across genders and cultures. The findings indicate a need for a cross-cultural approach and provide a strong basis for targeted interventions that seek to improve adolescent mental health.     

Two paradigms for depth of strategic reasoning in games. Response to Colman

We contrast two approaches to probing the depth of theory-of-mind (ToM) reasoning by adults in matrix game settings: our own and that of Stahl and Wilson.     

瑞文标准推理测验在我国的修订

为了满足科研与实际工作对团体智力测验的迫切需要,由17个单位组成的全国协作组对瑞文标准推理测验进行了修订。常模团体的建立以1982年全国人口普查资料为依据,按各地区人口分布,各类人员比例取样,共包括年龄跨度从5岁半至70岁以上的5108人。经过标准化的施测手续,测定了1986年中国城市常模。 测验结果的项目分析、信度和效度等技术指标达到或超过了国外同类研究。 研究发现除40岁组外,其他各年龄组均无显著男女差异。本研究还对中国大陆城市青少年的成绩与香港、英国和新西兰相应年龄组的成绩做了比较。     

汉族、基诺族及布朗族7～9岁儿童心理旋转能力的比较研究

该研究探讨了我国7～9岁汉族、基诺族、布朗族儿童的“心理旋转”能力,了解不同民族的文化背景、年龄及性别差异是否对“心理旋转”产生影响。结果表明：汉族儿童的结果与基诺族及布朗族儿童结果存在明显差异,7～9岁儿童的心理旋转能力随着年龄增长而发展。未见男女性别上存在“心理旋转”能力上的差异。     

创造性的生理研究新进展

创造性的生理基础很复杂。关于创造性生理基础的研究集中在大脑皮质激活与脑半球不对称两个方面。研究发现,大脑皮质激活状态对创造性有影响,低水平的皮质激活,特别是低水平的前额叶激活,较有利于创造性．研究还发现,创造性和左右半球不对称活动有关,处于创造状态时,右半球相对要比左半球激活程度更高。     

待岗人员的应付方式、控制感特点及其关系研究

对待岗人员的应付方式和控制感进行调查发现：（1）待岗人员对待压力的应付方式依次为退避、合理化、求助、自责、发泄。女性更多地采用这五种应付方式,年龄偏大组更倾向于选择合理化和退避,30岁是应付方式发展的转折时期;（2）待岗人员的控制感由高至低依次为环境变化、人际关系、情绪情感和生活方面的控制感。女性更能控制情绪情感;（3）在待岗人员应付待岗后各种压力的情境下,可将退避归为积极的应付方式,将自责、求助、发泄归为消极的应付方式。     

阅读马克思的三种方式

朴素式阅读把阅读仅仅视作一个直观地看和读的过程,似乎面对马克思的文本,无需任何理论和现实的中介,它不曾考虑过阅读本身,包括阅读者的知识储备和理论旨趣,所阅读文本的语言和风格,阅读的场景和节奏,等等。征候式阅读把阅读视作一种生产,关注文本中的空白、沉默和缺漏,认为能够看得见什么,看不见什么,不是由主体的视觉决定的。而是由问题结构决定的。互文式阅读面向未来,在文本与文本、科学与修辞、写实与象征之间自由跳跃,要求多角度的阅读和阐释,不断生发出新的意义。     

文本结构和时间应激对网页阅读绩效的影响

探讨了文本结构和时间应激对网页阅读绩效的影响效应。采用 2× 3被试间设计 ,自变量为文本结构和阅读时间 ,因变量为找到相关信息的时间及途径的额外节点数。结果发现 ,主效应及交互作用的影响均十分显著。其中 ,当阅读时间为 10和 2 0min时 ,超文本阅读的绩效均显著低于线性文本 ,而在 30min时两者无显著差异 ;对超文本 ,三种阅读时间的效应存在显著差异 ,而对线性材料 ,阅读时间的效应无显著差异。结论 :时间应激对超文本阅读绩效的影响更为明显     

Comparative research on individual modernity of adolescents between town and countryside in China

A test of 300 young students on individual modernity in China was carried out. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in individual modernity between the students from town and those from the countryside, as well as between males and females. There were also differences in individual modernity between each two of the levels of education. The students from town were more modern than those from the countryside. The males were more traditional than the females. With the rising educational level, the students' traditionality will decrease and modernity will increase.