Olfaction is a Marker of Severity but Not Diagnosis in Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Neuropsychology Review - Researchers have examined if olfaction is a sensitive biomarker of anorexia nervosa, but considerable heterogeneity across studies makes it difficult to reach a consensus....     

Short‐term numerosity training promotes symbolic arithmetic in children with developmental dyscalculia: The mediating role of visual form perception

Studies have shown that numerosity‐based arithmetic training can promote arithmetic learning in typically developing children as well as children with developmental dyscalculia (DD), but the cognitive mechanism underlying this training effect remains unclear. The main aim of the current study was to examine the role of visual form perception in arithmetic improvement through an 8‐day numerosity training for DD children. Eighty DD children were selected from four Chinese primary schools. They were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received training on an apple‐collecting game, whereas the control group received an English dictation task. Children's cognitive and arithmetic performances were assessed before and after training. The results showed that the intervention group showed a significant improvement in arithmetic performance, approximate number system (ANS) acuity, and visual form perception, but not in spatial processing and sentence comprehension. The control group showed no significant improvement in any cognitive ability. Mediation analysis further showed that training‐related improvement in arithmetic performance was fully mediated by the improvement in visual form perception. The results suggest that short‐term numerosity training enhances the arithmetic performance of DD children by improving their visual form perception.     

Body Talk on Social Networking Sites,Body Surveillance,and Body Shame among Young Adults: The Roles of Self-Compassion and Gender

The present study examined whether body talk on social networking sites (SNSs) was positively associated with body surveillance and body shame and whether body surveillance would mediate the relationship between body talk on SNSs and body shame. We also tested whether the links from body talk on SNSs to body surveillance and body shame would be moderated by self-compassion. Furthermore, the moderating role of gender in the mediation model was examined. The model was tested with 194 female and 119 male Chinese university students who completed questionnaires regarding body talk on SNSs, body surveillance, body shame, and self-compassion. Results indicated that body talk on SNSs was positively related to body surveillance and body shame. The relationship between body talk on SNSs and body shame was mediated by body surveillance. Furthermore, self-compassion moderated the association between body talk on SNSs and body shame. No gender difference was found in the mediation model. Findings from the current study provide new insights into the development of objectified body consciousness among women, as well as among men, and highlight the potential value of promoting self-compassion in the prevention of body image concerns.

     

大学生生命愿景、自我效能感与应对方式的关系

采用问卷法以377名大学生为被试研究了生命愿景、一般自我效能感及应对方式的关系。研究结果为:1)大学生生命愿景整体水平较高,存在着性别和年级差异,女生的生命愿景显著高于男生;大一学生显著高于大四;2)生命愿景不同水平的大学生在一般自我效能感上存在显著性差异(t=7.35,p<0.001);在积极应对与消极应对因子上有显著性差异。3)大学生生命愿景与一般自我效能感呈显著正相关,并对自我效能感具有良好的预测作用;4)大学生生命愿景与积极应对方式呈显著正相关,与消极应对方式呈显著负相关;5)大学生生命愿景通过一般自我效能感对应对方式产生间接影响。结论为生命愿景作为应对源对大学生应对校园压力发挥积极作用。     

论行政伦理的价值——21世纪初公共行政道德化趋势下的阐释

21世纪初公共行政现代性追寻与道德化趋势的耦合,赋予了行政伦理建设更深厚的价值合理性基础.行政伦理的价值是工具性价值与目的性价值的统一,前者表现为效率价值与管理价值,它发挥着"隐形制度"的约束与管理功能,是行政主体"自由裁量权"的价值准则;后者表现在公共行政的"公共性"性质及其内含的公平正义的价值上.公共行政的目的性价值彰显,是公共行政摆脱现代性危机、进行合法性重建的实现方式.行政伦理的工具性价值与目的性价值相互表征、相互澄明,并仰赖于特定的价值情境与机制.     

智力结构的分化假设

该文探讨了智力结构随能力、年龄等个体差异而变化的可能性。认知分化假设认为,能力水平更高的人有“更多”的智力,其智力结构中g因素的作用随IQ水平的增加而递减。年龄分化假设指出,从童年期到青年早期,g因素在认知能力中的作用随年龄的增加而减小;相反,从青年早期到成年晚期,g因素的作用递增,智力结构中其他因素的数量和重要性则递减。该领域未来的研究应当解决测量和评估工具的问题,扩大被试的能力水平和年龄范围     

社会称许性对16PF测验因素结构的影响

本研究采用共同方法偏差控制法研究在应聘情境下,社会称许性(SD)因素是否存在于16PF测验的二级因素结构中,对人格测量产生影响,并探索SD对15个分量表的影响程度。结果表明:在应聘情境下,16PF的二级因素结构中存在SD因素,SD普遍对13个分量表有显著的影响,其中分量表C、Q4和G受到的影响较大,分量表A、E、F、M、NI、、Q1和Q2受到的影响较小。本研究为探索如何矫正SD对16PF人格测量的影响提供参考。     

环境伦理制度化的困境

从环境立法的价值取向来看,自然权利难以作为环境伦理的核心范畴,也难以作为环境法规的操作性概念;环境权在司法实践中面临着实然性确立问题和确定环境权受到损害的请求问题。国际环境法规在创制方面,它的目标及价值宣示与其执行中所具备的技术、方法、手段不相匹配,可操作性差;在立法利益基础方面,它在名义上是为了维护人类共同利益的结果,而实际上是各种利益主体为了自身利益相妥协的产物。环境伦理的制度化困境意味着环境伦理的实现绝不是平坦之途,但也并不否定环境制度对于环境伦理的承载和转化功能。     

论当代邪教、恐怖主义的区别与联系

冷战结束后,随着雅尔塔体制的崩溃,那些被两极对抗格局掩盖和压抑、长期得不到解决的次要矛盾和局部冲突,都从“潘多拉盒子”中迅速释放出来,国际社会处于更加动荡不安之中。恐怖主义、邪教两大社会毒瘤趁机肆虐和泛滥,在国际国内,城市乡村,到处播撒仇恨、残害生灵、掳夺财富、制造死亡,已成为当今国际社会的公敌。但是,邪教与恐怖主义有何区别联系呢?目前学术界仍然存在争论。笔者也将在下文对该问题进行讨论。