Sources of motivation, interpersonal conflict management styles, and leadership effectiveness: a structural model

126 leaders and 624 employees were sampled to test the relationship between sources of motivation and conflict management styles of leaders and how these variables influence effectiveness of leadership. Five sources of motivation measured by the Motivation Sources Inventory were tested-intrinsic process, instrumental, self-concept external, self-concept internal, and goal internalization. These sources of work motivation were associated with Rahim's modes of interpersonal conflict management-dominating, avoiding, obliging, complying, and integrating-and to perceived leadership effectiveness. A structural equation model tested leaders' conflict management styles and leadership effectiveness based upon different sources of work motivation. The model explained variance for obliging (65%), dominating (79%), avoiding (76%), and compromising (68%), but explained little variance for integrating (7%). The model explained only 28% of the variance in leader effectiveness.     

Bayesian analysis of mixtures in structural equation models with non‐ignorable missing data

Structural equation models (SEMs) have become widely used to determine the interrelationships between latent and observed variables in social, psychological, and behavioural sciences. As heterogeneous data are very common in practical research in these fields, the analysis of mixture models has received a lot of attention in the literature. An important issue in the analysis of mixture SEMs is the presence of missing data, in particular of data missing with a non‐ignorable mechanism. However, only a limited amount of work has been done in analysing mixture SEMs with non‐ignorable missing data. The main objective of this paper is to develop a Bayesian approach for analysing mixture SEMs with an unknown number of components and non‐ignorable missing data. A simulation study shows that Bayesian estimates obtained by the proposed Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are accurate and the Bayes factor computed via a path sampling procedure is useful for identifying the correct number of components, selecting an appropriate missingness mechanism, and investigating various effects of latent variables in the mixture SEMs. A real data set on a study of job satisfaction is used to demonstrate the methodology.     

当前阅读研究中眼动指标述评

文章重点介绍了阅读研究中常用的眼动指标,它们包括注视时间、眼跳、回视和瞳孔直径等,从字和区域这两个方面探讨了这些眼动指标所反映的认知加工过程,以及选择这些指标时应该注意的问题。最后对眼动指标的选择和使用等问题提出了几点看法。     

国外护理硕士教育与临床实践效果的研究现状

通过文献分析法,一方面探讨美国、英国、日本、泰国护理硕士研究生的招收条件、培养目标与课程设置、综合评定考核方法等,了解国外护理硕士培养机制;另一方面分析国外护理硕士课程对临床护理的影响,以及毕业后从事临床护理的实践效果和临床工作中面临的挑战,以期为我国护理硕士教育的发展提供借鉴.     

腹腔镜在女性盆底修复术中的应用

随着社会老龄化的加剧,盆底功能障碍性疾病的发病率日益上升.之前热门的盆底重建术随着时间的推移,并发症相继出现.美国食品药品管理局(FDA)连续两次发布了关于经阴道网片的警告,使专家们认识到了问题的严重性.经过30余年的发展,腹腔镜技术已经被广泛地应用于各类妇科手术中.腹腔镜在女性盆底修复术中的应用重新得到了关注.自1991年腹腔镜技术首次应用于女性盆底修复手术中以来,国内外不断有新的腹腔镜下盆底修复术式的报道.现就各种腹腔镜下盆底修复手术做一综述.     

海峡两岸大学生生命意义比较研究——以广州市与台中市为例

该研究以广州市与台中市大学生为被试,抽取500人为预测样本及800人为正式施测样本,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析编制生命意义量表,并通过t检验和潜在剖面分析考察两岸大学生生命意义现况的差异.结果表明：（1）编制的生命意义量表由存在意义、追寻意义、存在盈实、苦难接纳、死亡接纳以及求意义的意志等6个维度组成,具有良好的信度和效度.（2）两岸大学生生命意义总体无显著差异;存在盈实、苦难接受与死亡接纳维度有显著或非常显著的差异.（3）潜在剖面分析结果显示,两岸大学生生命意义类型相似.Wald检验结果表明,对于“死亡接纳”维度,台湾与大陆学生在各潜在类别的均分上存在显著的差异.     

心理学史教学与理论思维的培养

理论思维是人们在认识心理与行为的过程中,借助于概念、判断、推理等思维形式,运用比较、分析、综合、抽象、概括等思维方法,能动地反映客观现实的理性认识过程。心理学史课程的理论性很强,是当前中国高校所开设的心理学专业课程中,最适于培养学生理论思维的课程之一。教师可以在心理学史的教学过程中,利用比较列表法、范畴分析法以及主题式讨论等方法,来培养学生的理论思维。     

The State,Not the Trait,of Nostalgia Increases Creativity

Nostalgic experience evokes emotions and activates the cognitive process of recalling and reconstructing information in memory. This study investigated the effects of nostalgia on creativity using experiments and questionnaires. Two-hundred-and-eighty university students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, in which participants received and completed different writing tasks (nostalgic experience vs. common life experience). They also responded to questionnaires measuring personality, nostalgia proneness, and creativity. Results showed that participants who were primed with nostalgic experience demonstrated higher creativity than the control group. In both groups, women demonstrated higher creativity than men. When specific aspects of the nostalgic experience were used to predict creativity, results showed that: (a) nostalgia triggered by social interaction and negative affect was positively related to creativity; (b) nostalgic experience containing tangibles positively predicted creativity; (c) the total number of triggers and the amount of, but not the positivity or salience of self in, nostalgia narrative contributed positively to creativity; and (d) higher agreeableness and openness, but not nostalgia proneness or other personality traits, were associated with higher creativity. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.     

Intuitive Conceptions of Dead Persons' Mentality: A Cross-Cultural Replication and More

Jesse Bering (2002) investigated how American university students in an interview task conceived of dead persons' mentality immediately after death. He found that different categories of mental states or capacities were conceived differently: psychobiological and perceptual states ceased, whereas emotional, desire, and epistemic states continued. Our Study 1 was a replication of Bering's experiment in a different cultural setting, in which the subjects were Chinese undergraduate students. A similar pattern of results was found. In Study 2, instead of being asked about a dead person's various mental states immediately following the death, participants were asked to judge a dead person's mental states after the person had been dead for 2 days. The overall pattern of participants' responses was not affected by this manipulation, but they did show an increase in attributions of certain mental states to dead agnostics. In addition, a more refined breakdown of responses revealed that individuals tended to judge that, upon death, visual and auditory perception continued, whereas olfactory and gustatory sensation ceased.