肠内外营养对炎症性肠病的治疗价值

炎症性肠病是一种病程长且反复的疾病,它的发病可能与环境、免疫、肠道微生态与基因有关.由于摄入减少、消化吸收不良、丢失增加、能量-蛋白质改变和药物作用等各种原因,炎症性肠病患者不管在急性期还是缓解期常常出现营养不良.然而,营养不良又妨碍炎症性肠病治疗的效果,所以肠内外营养对炎症性肠病的治疗就显得至关重要.本文归纳了肠内外营养治疗的价值及成分改良对治疗价值影响的主要进展,最后在此基础上,为了使得营养治疗更有针对性,本文对炎症性肠病患者的营养遗传学及营养基因组学研究提出了展望.     

马克思主义哲学:我们时代的真理和良心——纪念马克思逝世130周年

一个伟大的哲学家、思想家逝世之后,对他的观点、思想和学说进行持续性研究在人类思想史不乏先例。但是,像马克思主义哲学这样在世界范围内引起如此广泛、深入而持久的研究却是罕见的。更重要的是,每当出现重大历史事件,每当历史处于转折关头,人们都不由自主地把目光转向马克思,并对马克思主义哲学进行新的研究。当然,我们注意到,在对马克思主义哲学不同维度、不同层     

线索对谜语问题解决过程中元认知监测过程的影响

该研究以成语谜语为实验材料,采用两阶段研究范式(解题阶段和词汇判断阶段),考察以谜底首字、谜语猜射规则、谜底语义相关词为解题线索时,FOK判断与信息激活之间情况间的关系。实验结果表明:(1)以谜底首字为线索时,谜题的顿悟性质受到影响,FOK判断可以有效地监测信息激活情况;(2)以猜射规则和谜底相关词为线索时,这两类线索不影响谜题的顿悟性,FOK判断无法有效地监测信息激活情况。     

双任务干扰的注意资源限制机制:来自汉字笔画数效应的证据

该研究的两个实验采用心理不应期范式,探讨了重叠任务情境下双任务的相互干扰机制。实验中被试相继完成高低音的辨别任务(T1)和汉字外在特征(颜色或笔画数)的任务判断(T2),T1和T2间采用变化的SOA。结果发现:(1)T1的反应选择导致T2的加工成绩大幅下降,PRP效应非常显著。(2)当T1占据中枢瓶颈时,T2和T1在中枢瓶颈中并行得到加工并导致T1的加工效率显著下降。(3)由于注意资源的有限性,具有自动激活特征的汉字同样受瓶颈机制的限制。只要存在对注意资源的二次分配就会存在瓶颈的调节机制。     

Right Hemispheric Dominance of Creative Insight: An Event-Related Potential Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hemispheric effect of creative insight. This study used high-density ERPs to record participants' brain activity while they performed an insight task. Results showed that both insight solutions and incomprehension solutions elicited a more negative ERP deflection (N320～550) than noninsight solutions in the time window of 320～550 msec. Scalp ERPs and topographical maps revealed that the insight N320～550 exhibited a relative RH dominance, whereas the incomprehension N320～550 exhibited a relative midline dominance. Dipole source analysis showed that the generator of N320～550 elicited by insight and incomprehension solutions was localized in the right middle frontal gyrus and the right parahippocampus gyrus, respectively. These distinct spatiotemporal patterns involved in insight processing and incomprehension processing suggest that the observed N320～550 might reflect the processing of set-shift and the formation of novel associations. Moreover, the spatiotemporal pattern of brain activation associated with insight solutions supported the idea that the right hemispheric dominance theory of creative thinking also applies to creative insight.     

An Investigation of College Students’ Perceptions of Academic Dishonesty,Reasons for Dishonesty,Achievement Goals,and Willingness to Report Dishonest Behavior

This study investigated students’ perceptions of their own and their peers’ academic dishonesty (AD), their reasons for this dishonesty, their achievement goals, and their willingness to report AD (WRAD) within a Chinese cultural context. The results identified students’ belief that their peers had a greater likelihood of engaging in AD and had more motivation to do so than did the students themselves. Gender and academic major did not affect students’ WRAD. However, students were significantly more willing to report classmates than friends. In terms of the participants’ self-perceptions and peer perceptions concerning motivations for AD, more female students cited the lack of penalties as the reason for their own and their peers’ AD, whereas male students more frequently cited their lack of attention to schoolwork as the reason for their own AD. In contrast to students in the social sciences, business students more frequently cited inadequate capabilities as the reason for their AD, and engineering students more frequently attributed their AD to self-interest. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that three motivations for AD (opportunism, inadequacy, and self-promotion) could positively predict AD, whereas mastery-approach goals could negatively predict AD.     

The Impact of Professional Unethical Beliefs on Cheating Intention

The phenomenon of academic dishonesty among college students is prevalent, but its damage cannot be underestimated because the students' decisions to cheat were related to decisions to engage in similar unethical behavior in the workplace after graduation. To examine the influential factors of the cheating intention among part-time students with several years of work experience, we included an additional variable—unethical beliefs related to the workplace (professional unethical beliefs) into the theory of planned behavior. First-year business students on the job were investigated from a university in northern Taiwan, resulting in a valid sample of 215 students. Our findings indicate that perceived behavioral control toward cheating and professional unethical beliefs have a greater impact on the intention to cheat. In addition, the subjective norm and attitudes also affect the students' cheating intention. Implications for managers and researchers are discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered.     

Mysticism in Chinese Christians and Non-Christians: Measurement Invariance of the Mysticism Scale and Implications for the Mean Differences

In this study, the authors validated the 3-factor, 8-facet model of Hood's Mysticism Scale and explored mean differences in mysticism with 330 indigenous Chinese Christian and 323 non-Christian participants. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good fit for the overall Chinese sample and established measurement invariance of the instrument across the 2 groups. Both groups scored above the midpoint on the total Mysticism Scale, whereas Christians scored significantly higher in the mystical interpretation factor than did non-Christians. Controlling for demographic variables, multiple regression procedures revealed that a high intrinsic religious orientation mediated the association of Christian religious affiliation with mysticism. These results yielded patterns consistent with those found in the West and suggested that the Mysticism Scale was a valid quantitative measure for exploring spirituality issues in Chinese society.     

The Power of One Sentient Being: The Computer Simulation of a Bodhisattva's Altruism Using Agent-based Modelling

The aim of this study is to demonstrate that agent-based simulation is a scientific approach to studying the altruistic behaviours of a Bodhisattva, who is practising Buddhism to achieve Buddhahood. From the Buddhist perspective, the evolutionary model of Hammond and Axelrod (2006a) describes the operation of a community in the world. The study shows that we can simulate a Bodhisattva as a firm-and-pure-altruist (FPA) agent, who always performs both in-group and out-group altruistic behaviours, including the preaching of doctrine and the giving of material objects, and who always remains an FPA agent. Based on the model of Hammond and Axelrod (2006a), ordinary human beings are modelled as four-type agents who evolve according to their genetic potential to reproduce. Our results show that a Bodhisattva can create more pure altruists in the community by sharing doctrine and material objects. The results also show a beneficial situation because the average welfare of all four agents increases if we consider average fitness as a measure of welfare, according to Becker (1976).