Understanding families in their own context: schizophrenia and structural family therapy in Beijing

Evidence from a number of family intervention strategies demonstrates a beneficial impact on the course of schizophrenia. It appears that different family interventions have generic features that aid the patient to avoid relapse and improve functioning. A significant challenge for researchers is to modify these generic strategies to be sensitive to different cultural groups in order to ensure their effectiveness. Chinese culture, with its distinct cultural norms governing family interaction and intense stigma towards the mentally ill, would seem to raise a particular challenge.
This paper offers an account of an eclectic model of structural family therapy that incorporates psychoeducation and behavioural treatments for schizophrenia as a theoretical guide to working in a cross–cultural context. A Beijing family, consisting of parents and their daughter with schizophrenia, were seen for sixteen months during a trial of family intervention in China. Through structural family concepts, China's sociocultural context of treatment resource constraints, population policy and stigma are examined and the impact of the illness on family organization is explored.     

培训迁移效果影响因素的初步研究

本研究通过访谈、问卷调查和现场研究等多种方法,考察了中学教师在接受一种新的教学方法培训后。组织气氛和个人特征对其迁移行为的影响。如果发现：(1)受训者对迁移气氛的知觉直接影响迁移行为发生的次数。(2)受训者对训练内容实用性的看法是影响迁移行为发生的重要环境因素,而受训者对训练内容实用性的看法会受到零反馈、自己的灵活性和自我效能的影响。(3)领导有无反馈、时间支持和同事支持等因素是区分培训迁移气氛类型的关键指标。     

声旁类型与频率在汉字和部件识别中的交互作用

用识别整字和识别部件两种任务探讨两种声旁频率——组字频率和使用频率的作用。结果发现：在局部识别中声旁使用频率的影响和部件类型有交互作用。声旁使用频率对识别汉字单部件声旁有易化作用。声旁组字频率的影响和部件类型有交互作用。声旁组字频率对识别汉字多部件组合声旁有易化作用。在整字识别中,声旁的使用频率有易化作用;声旁的组字频率的作用受到部件类型的影响,多部件组合声旁的组字频率对识别整字有易化作用。     

中学生厌学心理及其干预与学习效率的相关研究

本研究旨在考察两个问题：1．心理咨询是否是改变中学生厌学心理的有效途径,如果是,它能够在多大程度上改变厌学心理;2．厌学心理的改善能否有效提高中学生学习效率。本实验用问卷调查法从183名中学生中筛选出有厌学心理的学生24名。运用个体心理咨询、团体心理咨询等手段对这24名学生进行为期4个月干预、结果表明：心理咨询能够有效且明显地改善厌学心理。但要完全消除厌学心理则还需要辅以其他干预手段;随着学生厌学心理的改善,其学习效率也相应有了明显的提高。     

Combination of extinction and protective measures in the treatment of severely self‐injurious behavior

Two female adolescents with profound mental retardation and physical disabilities residing in a state facility exhibited self‐injurious behavior (SIB). They had been wearing restrictive mechanical restraints for more than two years to prevent injuries from occurring. By using an indirect method of functional analysis, social attention was found to be the factor reinforcing and maintaining their behaviors. Extinction in combination with non‐intrusive protective measures was selected as the intervention strategy to reduce SIB. The outcomes of the treatment were evaluated with an AB probe design. Incidents of SIB decreased quickly and sharply after the treatment began. Once the incidents had reached a level of zero for three consecutive sessions, a six‐month follow‐up was started. No SIB was observed or reported during the follow‐up. The advantages of using extinction, especially in conjunction with the non‐intrusive protective measures to treat SIB, are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The value tensions in Korean–American mother–child relationships while facilitating academic success

The current study explored mothers’ perspectives concerning their experiences in facilitating the academic success of their adolescents in American schools, using a naturalistic study design, data from transcribed personal interviews of 17 Korean–American mothers, and a phenomenological analysis approach (Giorgi, 1985, 1997). The purposes of this study were to (a) reveal the layers of context that influenced mothers’ thoughts, actions, and mother–child relationships as they assisted their adolescents in realizing academic success, a core value in Korean culture, and (b) uncover the relationship difficulties mothers perceived in these processes. The results indicated that mothers were influenced by their individualistic and collectivist cultural (meta) contexts as they tried to facilitate the academic success for their adolescents. Second, they were struggling with their competing Korean and American value systems (general context) in the adjustment processes of “becoming an American” and “remaining a Korean.” Third, mothers revealed their value tensions with adolescents (specific context) in school and family settings. In the family setting the tensions involved balancing obedience and respect with freedom and equality, similarity preference with diversity tolerance, and achievement and recognition with happiness and fulfillment.     

青少年学生疏离感及其发展的研究

本研究采用<青少年学生疏离感量表》对重庆市和兰州市的1502名青少年学生进行调查,结果表明:青少年学生在生活环境疏离感和压迫拘束感上的平均分相对较高;各学生群体在社会疏离感、人际疏离感和总体疏离感之间的差异,主要体现在年级和地区的交互作用上,而环境疏离感的差异主要体现在性别和片区的交互作用上。各群体疏离感的差异主要表现在年级和片区之间;青少年学生的疏离感大体呈现出三个阶段的发展趋势,即是:初中阶段发展比较平稳,没有大的起伏变化;高中和大学阶段都是从低到高,再从高到低的倒“V”字型发展变化趋势。     

汉语词汇产生中音、形、义三种信息激活的时间进程

采用图-词干扰范式和图片命名方法,探讨语音、语义、字形在汉语词汇产生中激活的时间进程与特点。选择与目标图片名称(如“羊”)具有同音(“阳”)、语义相联(“牛”)、字形相似(“丰”)或无关控制(“冷”)等四种关系的干扰字,依SOA条件呈现在将要被命名的图片上,发现图片命名时间受干扰字的影响：语义干扰效应存在于较早期的SOA(0ms)条件中,在较晚期SOA(150ms)时有很大的减弱;语音促进效应和字形促进效应同时强烈地存在于早期和晚期SOA。实验发现了词条选择(语义激活)和音位编码(语音提取)在激活时间上的重叠现象,与传统的独立两阶段模型的预期存在明显矛盾,倾向于支持交互作用理论的观点。     

家庭游戏中的母亲控制策略与儿童顺从行为

以42个3岁儿童及其母亲为被试,考察在家庭自由游戏中母亲的控制策略和儿童的顺从行为之间的关系。结果表明：（1）在亲子交往中,母亲使用直接命令的频次最多,间接命令次之,否定控制最少。（2）3岁儿童对母亲控制的顺从率为56．1％;在儿童的不顺从行为中,无技巧不顺从占优势,其中消极不顺从的频次最多。（3）母亲的弱控制策略与儿童的顺从行为相关最高;强控制策略与儿童的无技巧不顺从相关最高。（4）在儿童不顺从时,母亲的弱控制策略容易导致儿童的顺从行为,强控制策略则容易导致儿童的情境性顺从行为。     

大学生实时距、空时距估计的比较研究

本研究采用2(空时距、实时距)×8(1秒～8秒)的实验设计,以224名大学生为被试,考察了不同类型、不同长度的时距估计特点,结果发现;(1)时距类型在时距估计中存在主效应,在本实验中,1秒～8秒条件下实时距估计比空时距准确;(2)时距长度在时距估计中存在主效应,时距估计所产生的误差随时距长度的增加而增大;(3)时距类型与时距长度之间存在交互作用,对实时距、空时距估计进行曲线估计及预测,发现两类时距估计呈现动态特征,1845052秒之前实时距估计比空时距准确,之后空时距估计比实时距准确,两类时距估计曲线的变化速度也呈交替上升趋势。