Gender differences in STEM undergraduates' vocational interests: People–thing orientation and goal affordances

This study addressed why women have greater representation in some STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields compared to others by linking two theoretical approaches, people–thing orientation (PO, TO) and role congruity theory, which emphasizes occupation goal affordances associated with traditionally feminine and masculine roles. Vocational interest and goal affordance ratings (having a positive social impact, family, and occupation status) for occupations characterized as working with people or things were assessed in 1848 students (42% female; 81% white non-Hispanic) majoring in biology (gender balanced), non-biology STEM (male-dominated), and female-dominated health fields. Participant PO and TO interests were also collected. Results indicated that non-biology STEM majors showed lower PO and higher TO interests than biology and health majors. Non-biology STEM majors also endorsed PO and TO interests at similar levels, but the other two major groups indicated higher PO than TO. People Jobs were perceived to more likely afford goals related to family and positive social impact; whereas Thing Jobs were perceived to more likely afford status goals. Interest in People Jobs was similar for women in both STEM major groups. Female non-biology STEM majors were equally interested in People and Thing Jobs; whereas biology majors preferred People Jobs. PO, TO, and goal affordance ratings independently predicted interest in People and Thing Jobs, and gender accounted for very little additional variance. Taken together, the findings point to the importance of using both person–thing orientation and role congruity theory when explaining varied gender representations in different STEM fields.     

人与世界:以事观之——杨国荣教授访谈

以事观之,主要是从"事"这一角度出发来对人和世界加以理解,而不是对"事"本身做出某种终极的哲学论述。现实世界与真实存在的生成过程,与人所从事的多样活动——人所作的多样之事——无法相分。西方没有类似"事"这样的概念,这表明了中国哲学的独特意义:中国哲学包含不少其他文化传统所缺乏的概念,后者有助于我们更深入地理解现实世界和人类生活。就意识层面而言,作为意识主体的自我和作为反观对象的自我之间的关联,实在地发生于做事过程。在事的展开过程中,知识与价值的问题密切联系在一起,做事既需要解决做什么的问题,也需要解决怎么做的问题。从事的角度来看,儒道两家的理想人格呈现出不同特点。道家以自然为第一原则,主张"为无为",儒家则更重视参与活动的合目的性。从事的角度来理解世界和人,既着眼于大的哲学问题,也关注于伦理学、语言哲学等具体领域的思考。     

蝴蝶效应与临床思维——一例多器官衰竭患者诊疗反思

多器官衰竭或多器官功能障碍综合征在临床中尤其是急诊及重症监护室内常见,各种病因所致的疾病进展到一定程度均可导致多器官衰竭。在本案例中,一例老年男性患者,以急性腹泻起病,后短时间内进展为多器官衰竭。通过对该例患者病史总结、病理生理机制的探讨,以及对整个诊疗过程的反思,结合“蝴蝶效应”理论,总结出一种新的临床思维,并探讨“蝴蝶效应”理论在对该例患者的诊断、治疗甚至医患沟通方面所起到的作用,以期通过参考该案例,对以后的临床工作起到一定帮助。     

抗战时期四川公共卫生事业发展的契机

四川地处中国西南,居祖国内陆,多山地丘陵,交通不便,较为闭塞。全面抗战初期,四川政治、经济、文化相对落后,卫生条件也较为简陋,在全国医疗卫生水平排名中处于较低地位。而在国民政府迁都重庆后,四川成为抗战领导组织的核心地区,占据重要的战略地位。战略地位的改变,带来了卫生资源的调整,医疗卫生需求的急剧增加和国内外卫生发展支持力量的帮助,给四川医疗卫生发展以难得的机遇。抗战时期四川公共卫生事业的发展对当时四川的社会稳定和抗战胜利提供了有力的保障,并奠定了战后四川医疗卫生事业大省的地位。     

共享决策在慢性病治疗中的应用进展——以糖尿病为例

综述了共享决策的来源及特征,共享决策实施的支持方式以及在糖尿病患者中的实施步骤和影响因素。归纳分析了共享决策在糖尿病患者中的应用效果,包括提高患者对疾病的认知、改善患者的风险感知、帮助患者控制血糖、提高患者满意度,改善决策质量。共享决策与传统的诊疗决策不同,不再是医师主导型,主要强调患者的个人偏好和价值观念在医疗决策中的作用。并探讨其存在的不足和未来发展趋向,旨在为我国糖尿病患者共享决策的开展提供理论支撑和方法借鉴。     

某三甲医院五年科研项目伦理审查情况分析

通过对国内某三甲医院五年科研伦理审查情况进行分析,探讨科研项目伦理审查工作的重点、难点及对策。汇总2013年~2017年经医学伦理委员会会议审查的科研项目,分析研究者的学历、职称、学科与通过率关系。近5年医学伦理委员会共审查科研项目285项,通过238项,未通过47项,其中内科通过率高于外科(P<0.05),副高以上职称通过率高于中级(P<0.05),研究生以上学历通过率高于本科及以下学历(P<0.05)。只有强化伦理意识,规范审查形式,健全监管机制,才能保证科研伦理工作健康规范发展。     

Investigating the Role of Goal Orientation in Job Seekers’ Experience of Value Congruence

There is still limited understanding of how goal orientations influence the association between value congruence (VC) and organisational attraction for job seekers. We address this issue by investigating the impact of individuals’ goal orientations on the VC–attraction relationship. Our investigation using different measurement approaches to congruence across two studies also allowed us to examine the implications of different methods to operationalising VC in job search contexts. Two prominent types of goal orientation in job search—learning-approach goal orientation (LAGO) and performance-avoid goal orientation (PAGO)—were hypothesised to moderate the relationship between VC and organisational attraction. In study 1, value congruence based on direct molar perceptions displayed a stronger positive relationship with attraction among low LAGO individuals. Study 2, using separate atomistic judgments of person and organisational values, also demonstrated that LAGO moderates the effects of VC on attraction. However, the form of moderation effects varied across different types of work values (i.e., relationships and security). These findings demonstrate the need to contextualise the study of job seekers’ VC within a goal-striving context, where different ways of operationalising VC can also shed more light on the psychological processes underlying judgments of congruence.     

左侧眶额皮层在自动情绪调节下注意选择中的作用：来自经颅直流电刺激的证据

前人研究表明自动情绪调节能够自上而下地影响情绪及情绪性注意过程。近来有研究提示自动情绪调节与眶额皮层(orbitofrontal cortex, OFC)有关。也有研究表明左侧OFC的激活影响负性注意偏向。本研究采用经颅直流电刺激技术,考察阈下启动情绪控制目标条件下,抑制左侧眶额皮层兴奋性是否影响负性注意偏向。结果发现,使用阴极刺激抑制左侧OFC活动可以加快被试对与恐惧刺激位置一致的探测点的反应。该结果提示左侧眶额皮层是自动情绪调节下情绪性注意选择相关的重要脑区。