Does Scope of Attention Affect Creativity? Testing the Attentional Priming Hypothesis

Creativity is linked to broad scope of attention, a state or trait that allocates attentional resources over a wide range of perceptual stimuli. According to the attentional priming hypothesis, a mechanism underlying the creativity–attention link is that broad perceptual attention scope primes broad conceptual attention scope—the activation of a wide range of memory contents—which therefore facilitates creative ideation. This study aimed to test the hypothesis in three experiments using three manipulations and two creativity tasks. Experiment 1 used the Navon letter task to prime attention to global patterns or local details of composite stimuli and measured creativity via the task to generate alternative uses of daily objects. Experiment 2 modified a cue-size procedure in which participants repeatedly attended to large or small visual cues before a target stimulus appeared. Experiment 3 devised a manipulation that required participants to view and visualize images associated with broad or narrow attention and adopted the alternative uses task and the task to invent alien creatures. Across the experiments, although the results were in the predicted direction, they were non-significant. This study found no evidence that broadness of perceptual attention affects creativity.     

注意线索对自闭特质个体疼痛共情的影响：来自事件相关电位的证据

自闭特质个体在日常生活中表现出共情缺损, 但其程度较自闭症谱系障碍个体低, 并且注意线索和特异性的面孔加工可能会影响他们的共情加工进程。因此, 本研究采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术, 以疼痛面孔图片作为刺激材料, 让自闭特质组和控制组分别完成疼痛判断任务(该任务中被试的注意指向疼痛线索)和吸引力判断任务(该任务中被试的注意不指向疼痛线索)。结果发现, 相比控制组, 自闭特质组在吸引力判断任务中疼痛面孔图片诱发的P3波幅更大, 而在疼痛判断任务中两组没有显著差异。这表明注意线索会影响自闭特质个体对他人疼痛面孔的共情反应, 当自闭特质个体不注意他人面孔的疼痛线索时, 其疼痛共情能力会减弱。     

《齐物论》“八德”新诠

《庄子·齐物论》有"八德"之说,谓左、右、伦、义、分、辩、竞、争。八德两两之间看似或相反或相似,传统注解多未能厘清其内在关系,亦未精确地指出两者的区别所在。爬梳相关文献,我们发现"左""右"对应于吉与凶、生与杀、生与成、阳与阴、出与入等。与之相似,"伦"是仁爱的扩散,"义"则包含杀伐与节制;"分"是由一而多、向外滋生的过程,"辩"则是由多而一、向里合的途径;"竞"是创发性的、彼此同向的自我实现,"争"则是彼此对向的争夺与消灭。两两之间有一致的内在逻辑,既相反相对,又相续相承。     

粗暴养育与青少年学业成绩:有调节的中介分析

以往研究表明消极的养育行为损害青少年学业成绩,但对两者之间的关系机制缺乏探究。本研究通过检验一个有调节的中介模型,考察了父母消极归因情境下努力控制在粗暴养育和青少年学业成绩之间的中介作用。880名初中生作为被试,填写粗暴养育问卷、努力控制分量表、儿童责任归因分量表,并以语文、数学和英语的成绩均值作为学业成绩的指标。结果显示：（1）控制性别、年龄、社会经济地位后,粗暴养育与学业成绩呈显著负相关;（2）努力控制是粗暴养育与学业成绩之间的中介变量;（3）粗暴养育通过努力控制对学业成绩的间接效应受父母消极归因的调节。因此,矫正父母消极的养育行为和归因模式,改善孩子的自控能力,有利于改善其学业成绩。     

晚明“经世致用”内涵的革新与突破--兼论儒学与科学的关系

经世致用作为儒学的精神特质,其内涵历有嬗变,至晚明时则因与西方科学的互动而有重大革新与突破。经世致用的革新缘于士人对儒学发展逻辑的深刻感知和主动展开。"经"的权威淡化为儒学与西学的互动创造了良好氛围;"世"的现实转向为士人引入科学开辟了通道;士人对"用"的追求不仅推动着"致"的体系中增添了科学演绎方法,而且对"不用为用"新内涵的接纳意味着求故的科学精神在儒学体系中逐渐融入。经世致用内涵在面向传统革新的同时,也因科学知识、方法、精神的融入实现了突破。经世致用内涵在晚明的变动意味着它非但没有阻碍科学在中国的发展,反而推动了科学在中国的扎根,是儒学与科学良性互动的典型例证,展现了儒学的勃勃生机。     

大学生自尊和宽恕的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对550名大学生进行调查研究,考察自尊对大学生宽恕的影响,同时考察共情在其中的中介作用,以及该过程是否受到特质愤怒的调节。结果表明:(1)大学生自尊与宽恕存在显著的正相关;(2)共情在大学生自尊和宽恕关系中起到完全中介作用;(3)特质愤怒在共情和宽恕之间具有调节效应,特质愤怒越高,共情对宽恕影响越小。     

算命之谜

时下外出旅游,不论是到名山古刹还是大小公园,常常会碰到算命、看手相、看面相、抽贴的算命先生。他们或是盲人,或是打扮一副仙风道骨的普通人,他们有的身边像模像样地放着一本《周易》或有关算命之类的书,或摆放着一个笔筒之类的器皿,里面放着做好的竹签,竹签上几句话,或在眼前放着几枚铜钱,专等游客上钩。十月六日,我与妻到一风景区旅游,正在一景点前休息,妻目睹一算命人正给一个大款模样的人算命,妻出于好奇,就挤进去听。架不住诱说,妻说那就给儿子抽一卦吧,给儿子算一算婚姻、事业、前途,然后报过年龄生日时辰。算命人翻翻书,闭目自言自…     

Field dependence-independence and participation in physical activity by college students

Field-independent individuals, compared with field-dependent individuals, have higher sports potential and advantages in sport-related settings. Little research, however, has been conducted on the association of field dependence-independence and participation in physical activity. The study examined this association for college students who participated in physical activities in and beyond physical education classes. The Group Embedded Figures Test distinguished 40 field-dependent from 40 field-independent participants. Activity logs during one semester showed that field-independent participants were significantly more physically active and their physical activity behaviors were more sport-related than those of field-dependent participants.     

Young children can extend motion verbs to point-light displays

In the first study using point-light displays (lights corresponding to the joints of the human body) to examine children's understanding of verbs, 3-year-olds were tested to see if they could perceive familiar actions that corresponded to motion verbs (e.g., walking). Experiment 1 showed that children could extend familiar motion verbs (e.g., walking and dancing) to videotaped point-light actions shown in the intermodal preferential looking paradigm. Children watched the action that matched the requested verb significantly more than they watched the action that did not match the verb. In Experiment 2, the findings of Experiment 1 were validated by having children spontaneously produce verbs for these actions. The use of point-light displays may illuminate the factors that contribute to verb learning.