外科临床决策的核心在精于选择

造就名医是个系统工程,理论和实践统一才有功底。为病人提供优质服务,要求医生有能力对病情进行综合分析思考、辨认、评估,对诊断、治疗进行鉴别,为选择科学的临床决策提供依据。理论与临床实践高水平的结合,难能可贵的是忌粗取精、忌浅求深、忌表识里,从临床汇集资料来思考、分析,最终做出选择,再到临床上去验证,从而得出正确的诊断和处理方案。善于选择和精于选择,是临床决策的核心,是临床医生综合素质走向成熟的产物,是一代名医成长的必然之路。     

On the Possibility of Universal Love for All Humans: A Comparative Study of Confucian and Christian Ethics

On the one hand, Confucianism and Christianity advocate universal love for all humans on the ultimate basis of particular love for parents or for God respectively. On the other hand, they have to sacrifice the former for the latter in cases of conflict since they give top priority merely to the latter. In order to overcome this paradox in theory and realize the ideal of universal love in practice, they should transform their particularistic frameworks into universalistic ones and assign a supreme position to their ideas of universal love for all humans, which imply in a potential way a modern, humanistic principle ‘respect the deserved rights of every human being’.     

Counterfactual comparison modulates fairness consideration in the mini‐ultimatum game: An event‐related potentials study

Existing literature on the mini‐ultimatum game indicates that counterfactual comparison between chosen and unchosen alternatives is of great importance for individual's fairness consideration. However, it is still unclear how counterfactual comparison influences the electrophysiological responses to unfair chosen offers. In conjunction with event‐related potentials’ (ERPs) technique, the current study aimed to explore the issue by employing a modified version of the mini‐ultimatum game where a fixed set of two alternatives (unfair offer vs. fair alternative, unfair vs. hyperfair alternative, unfair offer vs. hyperunfair alternative) was presented before the chosen offer. The behavioral results showed that participants were more likely to accept unfair chosen offers when the unchosen alternative was hyperunfair than when the unchosen alternative was fair or hyperfair. The ERPs results showed that the feedback‐related negativity (FRN) elicited by unfair chosen offers was insensitive to the type of unchosen alternative when correcting for possible overlap with other components. In contrast, unfair chosen offers elicited larger P300 amplitudes when the unchosen alternative was hyperunfair than when the unchosen alternative was fair or hyperfair. These findings suggest that counterfactual comparison may take effect at later stages of fairness consideration as reflected by the P300.     

The Training Effect of Working Memory Based on Central Executive System Intervention in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study

This article aims to investigate the training effect of working memory in older adults. A total of 43 older adults ranging in age from 75 to 95 were recruited to participate in the study. A battery of tests regarding central executive function, working memory, and primary mental ability were administered in the pretest phase. A total of 22 of the older participants were randomly selected as the intervention group. Thirteen days after the pretest, the same tests were administered to all of the participants. The results showed that (1) the differences in the pretest and posttest gains in the task-switching tests were not significant between the intervention group and the control group; (2) the performance of the intervention group on the operation working memory span test and the graphical reasoning test showed a significant improvement after the intervention compared with the control group who did not receive the intervention. We can conclude that the working memory of old adults may be improved by an intervention targeting the central executive system. However, this possibility needs further investigation.     

中小学教师PTSD和PTG的影响因素研究：灾难前-中-后的视角

采用事件影响量表、创伤后成长问卷、社会支持问卷、应对方式问卷等对汶川地震1年后极重灾区的106名中小学教师进行调查,考察前灾难因子、灾难当下因子和后灾难因子等对教师创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和创伤后成长（PTG）的影响。结果发现：（1）灾后中小学教师的PTSD处于中低水平、PTG处于中上水平,其中女教师的PTSD和PTG水平高于男教师,班主任教师PTSD水平高于非班主任教师,有过被困经历的教师PTSD水平高于没有被困经历的教师,有亲朋或学生受伤的教师其PTSD和PTG水平均高于无亲朋或学生受伤的教师;（2）社会支持对PTSD没有显著的预测作用,社会支持中的信息支持可以促进PTG,而情感支持和实质性支持对PTG没有显著的影响;（3）逃避的应对方式能显著地正向预测PTSD,问题解决的应对方式能显著正向地预测PTG,而寻求帮助的应对方式对PTSD和PTG都不具有显著的影响。     

论卓越医生教育与医学精英教育的关系

卓越医生教育培养计划是国家为提高医学教育质量采取的一项重要举措。卓越医生教育是否是医学精英教育,是否需要精英教育,这是医学教育工作者从理论和实践上需要面对和解决的问题。从卓越医生教育与精英教育的释义入手,对两者的培养目标、培养模式、培养数量、教学方式与方法、教学资源配置、管理体制等方面的异同点进行了比较分析,指出卓越医生教育要结合实际,遵循规律,吸取医学精英教育的精华。这对正确实施卓越医生培养计划,促进医学教育改革具有重要的现实意义。     

大学生网络社会支持与网络人际信任的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

从社会认知理论的视角来探讨网络社会支持和网络人际信任的关系,并在此基础上提出了一个有调节的中介模型,考察网络社交效能的中介作用以及自尊的调节作用.采用整群抽样法对432名大学生进行问卷调查,结果表明:(1)网龄对网络人际信任有显著的负向预测作用;网络社会支持对网络人际信任具有显著正向预测作用;(2)网络社交效能在网络社会支持与网络人际信任的关系中起部分中介作用;(3)网络社会支持通过网络社交效能对网络人际信任的间接效应受到自尊的调节.对高自尊个体而言,网络社交效能起部分中介作用;对低自尊个体而言,网络社交效能的中介效应不显著,网络社会支持对网络人际信任只有直接作用.     

3～6岁儿童情绪伪装认知能力发展及其与错误信念理解的关系

个体的情绪伪装能力是其情绪社会化发展极为重要的方面,选取某幼儿园123名3～6岁儿童为被试,通过“区分外表-真实情绪”任务和“错误信念”任务考察3～6岁儿童情绪伪装认知能力的发展特点,进而探讨情绪伪装认知与错误信念理解的关系.结果表明：（1）儿童情绪伪装认知能力随年龄增长而提高,3～5岁为儿童情绪伪装认知能力的快速发展期;（2）儿童在消极情境下区分内外情绪的能力显著高于在积极情境中的表现;同时,对两种情绪伪装动机（社会适应、自我保护）的认知能力无显著差异;（3）儿童情绪伪装认知和错误信念理解能力显著相关,两种错误信念（意外内容、意外地点）理解都能很好地预测情绪伪装认知能力.     

New job market entrants' future work self,career adaptability and job search outcomes: Examining mediating and moderating models

Based on career construction theory and the model of proactive motivation, the current research examined the mediating and moderating models for the relations among future work self, career adaptability, job search self-efficacy and employment status. A survey study was conducted among Chinese university graduates (N = 270). The results showed that future work self (measured at wave 1) had positive effect on employment status (measured at wave 3), with this relationship partially mediated by career adaptability (measured at wave 1) and job search self-efficacy (measured at wave 2). In addition, the results further revealed that the positive effect of future work self on job search self-efficacy was stronger among the graduates who had a higher level of career adaptability. In support of the hypothesized moderated mediation model, for individuals with a higher level of career adaptability, the indirect effect of future work self on employment status through job search self-efficacy was stronger. These findings carry implications for research on job search behavior, career education and career counseling.     

Inserting spaces before and after words affects word processing differently in Chinese: Evidence from eye movements

Unlike in English, there are no spaces between printed words in Chinese. In this study, we explored how inserting a space before or after a word affects the processing of that word in Chinese reading. Native Chinese readers' eye movements were monitored as they read sentences with different presentation conditions. The results show that inserting a space after a word facilitates its processing, but inserting a space before a word does not show this effect and inhibits the processing of that word in some cases. Our results are consistent with the prediction of a word segmentation and recognition model in Chinese Li et al., 2009, Cognit. Psychol., 58, 525. Additionally, we found that a space guides the initial landing position on the word: the initial landing position was further away from the space that inserted into the text, whether it was before or after a word.