评述一个新的类别学习模型:SUSTAIN

近些年来,对于类别学习的研究取得了长足的发展,研究者们已成功地构建了一系列类别学习理论与模型.本文在评述先前模型的基础上,介绍一个晚近的类别学习模型--SUSTAIN.阐述其运行原则和流程,以期对未来类别学习的研究提供参考和启发.     

The academic trajectories of children of immigrants and their school environments

Data from approximately 14,000 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey--Kindergarten Cohort were analyzed to examine the associations between children's immigrant status and their academic trajectories from kindergarten to 3rd grade, with particular attention to the effects of school environments. Growth curve modeling results indicated that most children of Latin American origin improved their reading and math scores faster than non-Hispanic White children, thus narrowing their initial score gap and sometimes even surpassing White children by 3rd grade. In contrast, although they maintained higher reading and math scores, children from East Asia and India showed decreasing scores over time, which tended to narrow their initial score advantage over non-Hispanic White children. School-level factors accounted partially for these differences. Particularly in terms of the academic trajectories, children of Latin American origin responded more to school-level factors than did children of Asian origin, who responded more to child and family background, with the exception of children from Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos, who responded more to school-level factors. Simulation results point to the importance of school resources for the academic trajectories of children of immigrants.     

Combining additive representations on subsets into an overall representation

Many traditional conjoint representations of binary preferences are additively decomposable, or additive for short. An important generalization arises under rank-dependence, when additivity is restricted to cones with a fixed ranking of components from best to worst (comonotonicity), leading to configural weighting, rank-dependent utility, and rank- and sign-dependent utility (prospect theory). This paper provides a general result showing how additive representations on an arbitrary collection of comonotonic cones can be combined into one overall representation that applies to the union of all cones considered. The result is applied to a new paradigm for decision under uncertainty developed by Duncan Luce and others, which allows for violations of basic rationality properties such as the coalescing of events and other framing conditions. Through our result, a complete preference foundation of a number of new models by Luce and others can be obtained. We also show how additive representations on different full product sets can be combined into a representation on the union of these different product sets.     

中国政府过程的体制症结探析:以政策过程为中心

政治是政治主体通过可影响其他政治主体的行为来将自己所代表的政治基体的利益上升为政策内容的活动,而把已经确定了的政策内容予以执行的活动就是相对独立于政治的行政.所谓政治行政化,是指政治组织及其过程带有明显的行政化特征,而且政治同时承担着行政功能的状态.所谓行政政治化,是指行政组织及其运行严重丧失自己固有特征的状态,也是行政明显淡化作为其本质特征的合理性和客观性,而且过分热衷于政治理想或权力斗争,或者被政治所左右的状态.政治行政化和行政政治化在政策过程的基本阶段、主要参与者的基本关系、官僚制、政策执行体制或结构安排、政策行为的责任,以及政策过程中极为重要的合理性和专业化等方面,均有重要影响.政治行政化和行政政治化实际上也是说明当代中国政府行为及其实际过程并在思考中国未来发展战略路径方面不可或缺的基本视角.     

生命权利平等的伦理诠释

人的生命是十分珍贵的,生命权利应该优先于一切权利。没有先进的医学技术和较高的社会发展水平,生命权利就很难得到保障和实现。在发展医学技术的同时,应认真思考卫生经济政策的核心价值,保证卫生经济政策在任何时候都不背离公民的健康利益,从而保障人的生命权利得以实现。     

医疗保险费用控制的临床路径研究——胰腺炎医疗保险费用结算标准的确定

临床路径是现代医院管理的前沿技术之一,对于提高医疗服务质量和降低医疗费用具有现实意义。通过对急性胰腺炎病人的临床路径研究,探讨了我国临床实践中临床路径的实施方法,并在此基础上进一步研究了该疾病医疗保险费用结算标准的分类标准。     

从传统针灸学到现代针灸学——针灸现代化50年之回顾

现代针灸学的理论基础不同于传统针灸学,前者是以运用现代科学技术、方法对相关问题的研究所获取的现代科学意义上的规律作为指导理论,机理的阐明完全立足于现代科学意义的相关知识体系,并以神经一内分泌一免疫网络学说及针灸效应的四大规律为该体系的理论核心;而传统针灸学则是以阴阳五行学说、脏腑气血学说、经络学说等为基本理论;在临床上,现代针灸学充分利用现代诊疗技术和方法,以辨病为主导,针刺手法注重的是强弱刺激与针刺效应的关系;而传统针灸学则是借助四诊八纲以辨证为主导,针刺手法强调的是补泻.     

从前语言到语言转换阶段的语言运用能力发展——3岁前汉语儿童语用交流行为习得的研究

研究着重探讨汉语儿童从前语言到语言交往阶段语用交流行为发展,通过质和量两种方式搜集14-32月儿童与母亲互动交往语料,采用汉化的CHILDES模式转录并用CLAN系统进行分析。研究发现3岁前汉语儿童语用交流行为清晰度的快速增长,语用交往行为类型的明显扩展和语用交流行为核心类型的运作倾向,是该阶段具有标志性的语用发展阶段特征。研究同时发现汉语儿童语用交流行为与母亲的语用交流行为存在着较为密切的关系。     

Psychometric Evaluation of the Spiritual Perspective Scale in Palliative Care Nurses in China

Journal of Religion and Health - This study aimed to translate the Spiritual Perspectives Scale (SPS) into a Mandarin Chinese version (C-SPS) and evaluate its psychometric properties among 154...     

Nonnormality and divergence in posttreatment alcohol use: reexamining the Project MATCH data "another way."

Alcohol lapses are the modal outcome following treatment for alcohol use disorders, yet many alcohol researchers have encountered limited success in the prediction and prevention of relapse. One hypothesis is that lapses are unpredictable, but another possibility is the complexity of the relapse process is not captured by traditional statistical methods. Data from Project Matching Alcohol Treatments to Client Heterogeneity (Project MATCH), a multisite alcohol treatment study, were reanalyzed with 2 statistical methodologies: catastrophe and 2-part growth mixture modeling. Drawing on previous investigations of self-efficacy as a dynamic predictor of relapse, the current study revisits the self-efficacy matching hypothesis, which was not statistically supported in Project MATCH. Results from both the catastrophe and growth mixture analyses demonstrated a dynamic relationship between self-efficacy and drinking outcomes. The growth mixture analyses provided evidence in support of the original matching hypothesis: Individuals with lower self-efficacy who received cognitive behavior therapy drank far less frequently than did those with low self-efficacy who received motivational therapy. These results highlight the dynamical nature of the relapse process and the importance of the use of methodologies that accommodate this complexity when evaluating treatment outcomes.