Influence of self‐esteem,locus of control,and organizational climate on psychological empowerment in a sample of Chinese teachers

This study examined the effects of locus of control, self‐esteem, and organizational climate on psychological empowerment in a sample of Chinese teachers. Participants were 1,272 Chinese teachers (460 men and 821 women) residing in six provinces in China. Results indicated that self‐esteem was a positive predictor of psychological empowerment. Several dimensions of organizational climate, namely professional communication, decision‐making, appraisal and recognition, supportive leadership, and professional growth, were also positive predictors of teachers’ psychological empowerment. Locus of control, although related to psychological empowerment, had no predictive effects when other factors related to empowerment were considered.     

Noninvasive Brain Stimulation over the M1 Enhances Bimanual Force Control Ability: A Randomized Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Study

Well-coordinated bimanual force control is common in daily life. We investigated the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex on bimanual force control. Under a cross-over study, young adults (n = 19; female = 6, male = 13) completed three bimanual force control tasks at 5%, 25%, and 50% of bimanual maximum voluntary force (BMVF) before and after real or sham tDCS. Real tDCS enhanced accuracy at all BMVF, reduced variability at 5% BMVF, and increased coordination at 5% BMVF. Real tDCS improved force control at 5% and 25% BMVF, and especially increased bimanual coordination at 5% BMVF. These findings might have implications for establishing interventions for patients with hand force control deficits.     

302m氦氧饱和潜水模拟实验中对神经和心理功能的观察

国内首次302m氦氧饱和潜水模拟实验中,用心理学测验和主观感觉询问对3名受试者的神经和心理反应现象进行了观察。加压到200m、250m、302m和302m停留1天后,受试者的简单视觉运动反应时较常压对照值分别延长了7.3%、4.5%、6.5%和6.1%。加压到200m受试者书面心理学测验失分率较常压对照值增加了156.4%。加压到250m受试者滚珠投递数和失误数较常压对照值分别减少12.2%和增加27.6%。302m停留1天后受试者滚珠投递数和失误数较常压对照值分别减少11.3%和增加56.2%,扑克花样分类时间较常压对照值增加8.7%,书面心理学测验失分率较常压对照值增加113.8%。减压后或减压毕,上述各指标的变化均恢复常压对照水平。根据测试结果和受试者的症状和体征,实验中所观察到的高压神经综合症的表现较国外同样深度的实验报道为轻,这可能与实验采用的缓慢加压速度和设置中间驻留站有关。     

Now for Me,Later for Us? Effects of Group Context on Temporal Discounting

Delayed rewards are less valuable than immediate rewards. This well‐established finding has focused almost entirely on individual outcomes. However, are delayed rewards similarly discounted if they are shared by a group? The current article reports on three experiments exploring the effect of group context on delay discounting. Results indicate that discount rates of individual and group rewards were highly correlated, but that respondents were more willing to wait (decreased discounting) for shared outcomes than for individual outcomes. An explanatory model is proposed suggesting that decreased discount rates in group contexts may be due to the way the effects of both delay and social discounting are combined. That is, in a group context, a person values both a future reward (discounted by delay) and a present reward to another person (discounted by the social distance between them). The results are explained by a combined discount function containing a delay factor and a factor representing the social distance between the decision maker and group members. Practical implications of the fact that shared consequences can increase individual self‐control are also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanism of formation of aligned two-phase microstructure in a Fe-0.25wt%C alloy under high magnetic field gradients

The effect of a magnetic force on creating an aligned two-phase microstructure in a Fe-0.25wt%C alloy under magnetic field gradients has been investigated. Through the changes in the heating temperature, both dipolar interactions and magnetic forces work together during the austenite to ferrite transformation. The results showed that the aligned two-phase microstructure is not observed under the influence of the magnetic force alone. The ferrite grains are elongated due to dipole interactions at the early stages of their nucleation and growth and then the magnetic force turns the elongated ferrite grains, whose major axis is not parallel to the direction of magnetic force, to the direction of the field in the presence of magnetic field gradients.     

语素意识对学前儿童言语技能发展的预测作用：追踪研究的证据

为探讨词素意识、同形语素意识和形旁意识等不同层面语素意识对汉语儿童口语词汇、汉字识别和阅读理解能力发展的预测作用,本研究对75名学前儿童进行了一年半的追踪,结果发现:(1)学前儿童的语素意识和言语技能随时间均有显著增长。(2)在控制了因变量的自回归效应后,同形语素意识对一年半后的口语词汇成绩仍有显著的预测作用;词素意识能显著预测一年半后的汉字识别成绩;词素意识和形旁意识是儿童一年半后阅读理解成绩变异的重要解释变量。这表明语素意识对于学前儿童语言技能的发展具有重要的预测作用。     

儿童普通感冒治疗中抗菌药物的滥用及原因分析

普通感冒是由多种病原体引起的一种常见的急性呼吸道感染性疾病,无需使用抗菌药物.但在儿童普通感冒治疗的临床实践中抗菌药物滥用情况依然普遍.因此必须了解其滥用原因才能正确合理用药,从而预防药源性疾病的发生,维护儿童健康成长.     

转化医学的伦理审查与管理实践

伦理审查委员会应以转化医学发展为契机,做好以下几方面工作:引入科学审查委员会审查机制,克服科学审查的不足;以新的标准建设伦理委员会,克服伦理自身的不足;引入伦理与行政部门沟通协作机制,克服持续监管的不足;拓展伦理教育咨询,克服研究者伦理方面的认识不足。伦理审查的规范化运行有利于保证患者利益的最大化。     

广州青年白领主观幸福感与心理健康的影响因素分析

目的:探究人口学变量、情景性因素和人格特质因素对广州青年白领主观幸福感和心理健康的影响。方法:对广州市政府、企事业单位340名青年白领进行问卷调查。结果:(1)广州青年白领积极人格特质处于中上水平,生活满意度处于中下水平。(2)情景性因素和特质性因素与广州青年白领主观幸福感和心理健康密切相关。(3)阶层回归分析表明,性别、压力知觉、社会支持和乐观是广州青年白领主观幸福感的显著预测变量,而心理健康的显著预测变量是乐观和社会支持。结论:广州青年白领对生活状况不甚满意,但对自我评价积极、乐观向上,对未来充满希望,并且情景性因素和特质因素对广州青年白领的主观幸福感和心理健康有不同的预测作用。