A mechanism for reducing delay discounting by altering temporal attention

Rewards that are not immediately available are discounted compared to rewards that are immediately available. The more a person discounts a delayed reward, the more likely that person is to have a range of behavioral problems, including clinical disorders. This latter observation has motivated the search for interventions that reduce discounting. One surprisingly simple method to reduce discounting is an "explicit-zero" reframing that states default or null outcomes. Reframing a classical discounting choice as "something now but nothing later" versus "nothing now but more later" decreases discount rates. However, it is not clear how this "explicit-zero" framing intervention works. The present studies delineate and test two possible mechanisms to explain the phenomenon. One mechanism proposes that the explicit-zero framing creates the impression of an improving sequence, thereby enhancing the present value of the delayed reward. A second possible mechanism posits an increase in attention allocation to temporally distant reward representations. In four experiments, we distinguish between these two hypothesized mechanisms and conclude that the temporal attention hypothesis is superior for explaining our results. We propose a model of temporal attention whereby framing affects intertemporal preferences by modifying present bias.     

高二学生情绪调节方式与父母反应方式的关系

以自我决定理论为理论依据,对500名高二学生进行问卷调查,采用结构方程模型的统计方法分析了在悲伤、害怕、生气三种情绪条件下,父亲、母亲的反应方式与高二男生、女生情绪调节方式之间的两种关系模型。模型比较结果显示,父、母反应方式对高二年级青少年情绪调节方式的预测作用小于高二年级青少年情绪调节方式对其父、母反应方式的预测作用,这一点在女生身上更为突出;高二年级青少年的情绪调节方式与其父母反应方式之间的关系表现出了性别差异;在不同情绪条件下,高二年级青少年的情绪调节方式对父母反应方式的预测关系表现出了一致性;父亲、母亲对高二学生消极情绪调节方式的反应也表现出了一致性。     

医学生为何忽视医德

近年来,医学界道德下降的问题已是不争的事实.因此,国家和医学界都出台了很多政策和措施,力求解决由于医德问题的突显而加剧的医患矛质.但是,从当今医患关系依然不容乐现的事实可以看出,如果不能找出问题的根源,效果不会明显.从医学生这一特殊医疗群体出发,探究医学界道德下降和医患关系紧张的根本原因.     

我院88例抗菌药不良反应分析

为了解我院抗菌药致不良反应（ADR）发生的特点与一般规律,对我院2010年1月-2011年1月的88例抗菌药不良反应报告进行汇总分析。结果显示引起ADR的抗菌药涉及9大类35个品种。喹诺酮类引起的ADR居首位,其次为头孢菌素类、青霉素类等;ADR的临床表现主要为皮肤及其附件损害（60．95％）,其次为心血管系统、消化系...     

现象学视域中的医患关系——兼论图姆斯对"典型化"的分析

自然思维对认识不加批判,以有限的经验得出"客观真理".接受过专门训练的医生基于自然思维态度来理解疾病.生活世界是前科学、前理论的世界,具有主观性、直观性,患者是基于生活世界的态度来体验疾病.尽管"典型化"为双方交流提供了基础,但两者共享世界毕竟有限,因此,在此层面上,双方交流就不太容易.     

常见吸毒患者的临床麻醉处理

毒品滥用患者给医疗管理和临床工作带来诸多复杂性和特殊性。对吸毒患者围术期麻醉诊疗要兼顾所惠外科疾惠与毒品对吸食者的身心影响,有效地控制戒断症状和毒性反应,综合评估,辨证施为。     

脑卒中患者家属的焦虑状况及其影响因素分析

了解脑卒中患者家属的焦虑状况及其影响因素.采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)及自制的一般状况调查问卷对240名脑卒中患者家属进行问卷调查.脑卒中患者家属的焦虑状况明显高于国内常模(P＜0.01);其中家属的性别、年龄、文化程度、与患者关系、患者神经功能缺损程度及医疗费用的缴付方式与患者家属的焦虑有关(P＜0.01).患者家属的焦虑状况较严重,因此须早期对患者家属进行必要的健康教育和心理干预,从而为患者的长期护理及早期康复提供一个有力的保障.     

异种器官移植及其伦理问题

目前,开展的异种移植研究主要以猪为供体源,面临的主要障碍是宿主抗移植物的免疫排斥反应(超急性排斥、急性排斥和慢性排斥)和猪内源性反转录病毒感染,并已取得一定进展.但异种移植引发的伦理问题也不容忽视,主要有跨物种感染、卫生资源分配、动物的权利和人格同一性等问题.     

人口统计、身份和空间:定义美国穆斯林

本文以2001年以来,以美国乔治敦大学穆斯林-基督徒理解中心为基地的《美国公共领域中的穆斯林》项目展开的美国穆斯林民意调查为基础,从人口统计、宗教实践、对社会和政治事务领域各种行为的看法,以及9·11事件及其后果等方面,对美国穆斯林社团的现状和未来可能的发展道路进行了分析。     

Inhibitory control differentiates rare target search performance in children

Age-related differences in rare-target search are primarily explained by the speed-accuracy trade-off, primed responses, or decision making. The goal was to examine how motor inhibition influences visual search. Children pressed a key when a rare target was detected. On no-target trials, children withheld reactions. Response time (RT), hits, misses, correct rejection, and false alarms were measured. Tapping tests assessed motor control. Older children tapped faster, were more sensitive to rare targets (higher d'), and reacted more slowly than younger ones. Girls outperformed boys in search sensitivity but not in RT. Motor speed was closely associated with hit rate and RT. Results suggest that development of inhibitory control plays a key role in visual detection. The potential implications for cognitive-motor development and individual differences are discussed.