采用构造玩具教学对幼儿创造力发展的影响

本研究采用自然实验法,探索采用构造玩具、进行启发儿童想象力的教学对发展幼儿创造力的作用。被试为50名均龄4岁8个月的寄宿幼儿园儿童,教学中纳入的变量为四种方法:(1)模仿-改进法;(2)改变模仿对象法;(3)模仿生活原型法;(4)改造生活原型法。控制班只采用模仿法进行教学。经过七个月的实验教学后,实验班儿童的一般智力和创造力都明显超过了控制班。测验资料证明,幼儿的一般智力占创造力之间,有0.4左右的正相关。     

通过思维教学培养儿童智力的实验研究

我们用等组控制条件法,在小学五年级进行思维教学的尝试。在授课中,教给学生一定的思维方法,给学生提供充分的练习机会,并引导他们对思维过程与方法加以概括总结。实验企图证明学龄期正常儿童在熟练掌握了一定的思维方法后,能够在较短时间内提高其智力活动水平。结果表明思维教学可以培养学生智力并利于创造思维的某些品质的发展。这种教学不仅发展学生的认知能力,而且能增强学生学习动机与自信心。     

The role of expectancy in comparative judgments

Researchers interested in the processing of relational information have sought a satisfactory explanation for the congruity effect in linear orders. It is relatively easy to select either the greater of two objects that are high on a dimension or the lesser of two objects that are low on a dimension, but it is relatively difficult to determine the greater of two objects that are low in magnitude or the lesser of two objects that are high in magnitude. One explanation of the congruity effect is the expectancy hypothesis that claims that the choice of the comparative primes objects of particular magnitudes. We present two experiments that demonstrate that a congruity effect of equivalent magnitude is obtained when the comparative is presented after the stimulus pair. Moreover, this equivalence cannot be attributed to the salience of the dimensions we employed, because this equivalence held for stimuli that were classified as salient and for those classified as nonsalient. These findings are interpreted in the context of some current explanations of the congruity effect.     

儿童在数及数学上对部分与整体关系认识的发展

本文概括了九个有关数和数概念的实验研究结果。作者在最早的四个实验的基础上,提出了儿童对部分与整体关系认识的十二项指标,再以之通过正整数,几何图形和分数三个方面进行探讨,探讨结果由两个数学试验验证应用。根据研究总结果,作者讨论了揭示认识对象的内在规律对于主体认识活动的作用,部分与整体关系认识的年龄特点,阶段性及激进时期以及认识这个关系的心理过程。也对数的部分与整体关系的掌握对小学数学教学的应用提出了意见。     

触觉长度总合:应用复合变异刺激的实验

本文报道被动触觉的长度总合实验。在应用单一的标准刺激的条件下,在前臂内侧进行了单一的和各种复合的变异刺激的比较实验,所得到的结果没有显著差异。这与主动触觉和应用复合的标准刺激的实验结果相一致,表明长度总合是触觉的一种普遍现象。本文讨论了策略在长度总合中的作用与对长度辨别阈限的意义。     

Suicide Risk across Latent Class Subgroups: A Test of the Generalizability of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide

It remains unclear whether the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS; Joiner, 2005 ) is generalizable to the population or holds more explanatory power for certain subgroups compared to others. The aim of this study was to (1) identify subgroups of individuals who endorsed suicide ideation in the past month based on a range of mental health and demographic variables, (2) compare levels of the IPTS constructs within these subgroups, and (3) test the IPTS predictions for suicide ideation and suicide attempt for each group. Latent class, negative binomial, linear, and logistic regression analyses were conducted on population‐based data obtained from 1,321 adults recruited from Facebook. Among participants reporting suicide ideation, four distinct patterns of risk factors emerged based on age and severity of mental health symptoms. Groups with highly elevated mental health symptoms reported the highest levels of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Tests of the IPTS interactions provided partial support for the theory, primarily in young adults with elevated mental health symptoms. Lack of support found for the IPTS predictions across the subgroups and full sample in this study raise some questions around the broad applicability of the theory.     

Promoting Charitable Behaviour with Compliance Techniques

Pour comparer l'impact de trois techniques d'acquiescement sur l'incitation au comportement charitable, on a demandéà 409 personnes de verser $2 à l'American Cancer Society. Cette requête fut immédiatement présentée dans trois groupes contrôle et précédée dans neuf groupes expérimentaux d'une demande préliminaire correspondant à une procédure d'acquiescement à requête multiple. On a d'abord demandé aux sujets soumis à la technique pied dans la porte de répondre à un questionnaire composé 10, 35 ou 60 items. On sollicitait d'abord $10, 25 ou 50 de la part de ceux confrontés à la situation porte dans la figure; et $0,50, 1 ou 1,50 de la part des sujets ras des pâquerettes. Les résultats montrent que les méthodes $10 et 25 porte dans la figure furent les plus rentables. Les sujets contrôle et ras des pâquerettes donnèrent à peu près la même chose et les conditions pied dans la porte furent les moins productives. On discute, à partir de ces découvertes, de la valeur pratique et des inconvénients virtuels de l'application des techniques d'acquiescement à requête multiple pour stimuler le comportement charitable.