History,Current Status,and Future Prospects of Counseling in South Korea

Although the counseling profession was introduced to South Korea in the 1950s by American delegates of education, counseling has been only lately recognized as a specialized field that requires distinctive knowledge and skills. In this article, the authors describe the history and the current status of counseling in South Korea and then discuss challenges and future prospects.     

GSK-3β activity in the hippocampus is required for memory retrieval

Several molecules were recently found to be important for the memory retrieval process in the hippocampus; however, the mechanisms underlying the memory retrieval remain poorly understood. GSK-3β has been implicated in the control of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Here, we investigated the relationship between hippocampal GSK-3β activity and memory retrieval using behavioral and Western blotting methods. We found that GSK-3β was activated in the hippocampus after a retention session in the passive avoidance task. An intrahippocampal injection of the GSK-3β inhibitor, SB 216763, before the retention session blocked memory retrieval (but not reconsolidation) without affecting locomotor activity. These results suggest that GSK-3β activation would be essential for memory retrieval in the hippocampus.     

Use of the estimated intraclass correlation for correcting differences in effect size by level

In a meta-analysis of intervention or group comparison studies, researchers often encounter the circumstance in which the standardized mean differences (d-effect sizes) are computed at multiple levels (e.g., individual vs. cluster). Cluster-level d-effect sizes may be inflated and, thus, may need to be corrected using the intraclass correlation (ICC) before being combined with individual-level d-effect sizes. The ICC value, however, is seldom reported in primary studies and, thus, may need to be computed from other sources. This article proposes a method for estimating the ICC value from the reported standard deviations within a particular meta-analysis (i.e., estimated ICC) when an appropriate default ICC value (Hedges, 2009b) is unavailable. A series of simulations provided evidence that the proposed method yields an accurate and precise estimated ICC value, which can then be used for correct estimation of a d-effect size. The effects of other pertinent factors (e.g., number of studies) were also examined, followed by discussion of related limitations and future research in this area.     

关于建立健全治理医药购销领域商业贿赂长效机制的思考

医药购销领域的商业贿赂,形式多样,对我国政治、经济、社会等方面均带来很大的负面影响。它的出现,既有物质条件、心理条件,更有制度条件。治理医药购销领域的商业贿赂,要从思想道德建设、制度建设、体制改革、管理监督等从多方面着手,建立健全长效机制。     

权变管理理论与《易经》哲学思考

随着全球经济一体化的日益深入,组织所面临的内外环境更加复杂．权变管理理论对组织的决策、计划、领导等方面的作用越来越受到人们的重视,本文将结合《易经》哲学的一些观点从变化观、系统观、过程观等方面对权变管理理论进行探讨．     

云龙山地白族宗教文化探析——与盐井相关的宗教民俗文化

云龙是云南省历史悠久的重要产盐地。云龙山地白族的盐井文化其内涵十分丰富,与该地的历史、政治、经济、文化的开拓发展息息相关,也在当地白族宗教文化的建构中打下了烙印。探讨云龙山地白族的盐井宗教民俗及其文化内涵,不仅可以映证云龙盐井生产的历史,而且可以映证云龙山地白族宗教文化的特性。白族的盐井宗教民俗文化是云龙宝贵的民族文化遗产,也是云龙山地白族原生态文化的重要组成部分。     

Dimensions of Modernity and Their Contemporary Fate

Modernity, a focal point of interest in our time, means the cultural schemata and mechanisms of social action stemming from the Enlightenment and the modernization process. It is a set of new and “man-made” rationalized mechanisms and rules for human societies that naturally grow beyond geographical boundaries. The interrelated dimensions of modernity may be roughly grouped into “intellectual” and “institutional” categories including subjectivity and individual self-consciousness, a spirit of rationalized and contracting public culture, modernity in sociohistorical narratives as an ideology, rationalization of economic operations, bureaucracy in administrative management, autonomy of the public sphere, and the democratization and contraction of public power. Modernity is inherently contradictory and risky, yet until now there has been no sign of an end in sight. It remains to be the major support and dynamic in keeping human society running. Let us beware of superficial judgment when reflecting upon theoretical critiques of modernity and try to grasp the great challenges and opportunities of globalization—essentially a process of modernity. Translated by Fan Lingmei, from Zhongguo shehui kexue, 2004:4     

The research values of policy analysts

While there is growing consensus that conventional notions of the scientific method do not exhaust the methodological needs of policy analysis (at least applied analysis), there is less agreement as to what an improved method would entail. As a result, policy analysts must choose among often competing notions of what constitutes valid policy inquiry. Data from a content analysis of six policy journal articles together with responses from a survey of authors are used to determine what choices are made and whether these matter. Two sets of research norms are discovered within the policy studies community’one which mirrors traditional social science values and another which reflects recent attempts to adjust that methodology to meet the information needs of policy actors. Equally important, values tend, albeit slightly, to condition the character (e.g., degree of rigor or focus) of policy research. David M. Hedge is an associate professor of political science and director of the graduate program in public policy at West Virginia University. His research interests include regulatory politics, intergovernmental relations, and state politics/policy. Jin W. Mok is an assistant professor of political science at the University of Northern Iowa. His area of interests are public policy and methodology.     

韦克斯勒儿童智力量表中国修订版(WISC-CR)上海市区常模(WISC-CRs)制订报告

本研究是在WISC-CR的基础上制订的上海地区(市区)常模,代表我国经济文化较高的大城市水平。常模样组为6至16岁学龄儿童共660人。常模形式是:(1)各年龄组的《与原始分等值的量表分》;(2)《与量表总分等值的IQ分》(本文略)。 本常模经信度、效度检验,表明WISC-CR是适合测量中国学龄儿童的智力量表。 论文还分析了本样组与美国WISC-R样组在分测验上的差异。     

Brain potentials related to seeing one''s own name

Subjects were assigned an assumed name and then shown a series of statements of the form, "My name / is / X", where X was the assumed name, their own first name, or one of a set of other false names. Their task was to respond positively to the "assumed" name and reject as false all other names, including their own. An N380 feature of the averaged task-related brain potentials, considered to be inversely related to the degree of contextual priming, was greatly enhanced for the false names compared to the assumed name. The N380 to one's own name was more similar to that of the false than the assumed name, indicating that the sentence context's priming of various names was under the subjects' attentional control, and that the late negativity could be modulated by this attention. In contrast, a large P510 feature distinguished one's own name from the false name, and this difference was unaffected by practice. Even in cases, then, where the context allows anticipation of one verbal event (here, the assumed name), a highly overlearned and salient stimulus such as one's own name continues to produce a distinctive neural response.