目标取向和工作经验对绩效的效应

通过两个样本调查,对目标取向和工作经验量表进行了结构检验,并探讨了目标取向和工作经验对个体绩效的效应模式。结果表明：学习目标取向和工作经验定性成份与绩效间存在中等程度相关;在控制了人口统计学变量的效应后,学习目标取向对绩效具有显著的预测效应;工作经验定性成份与绩效间的关系受到学习目标取向缓冲,在学习目标取向低分组,工作经验定性成份对个体绩效更具预测力     

No need for pedestals: Idealization does not predict better relationships among Asians

The authors tested whether partner idealization was positively associated with relationship quality among 105 intraracially dating Asian American couples (Study 1) and 98 Chinese couples (Study 2) through two methods. The commonly used residual‐based approach found, in both samples, the positive associations between idealizing a partner and relationship quality previously documented among European/European Americans. In contrast, the piece‐wise regression analysis, which distinguished between idealization and derogation, found few positive associations between idealizing a partner and relationship quality. Similarly, being the object of idealization rarely predicted greater relationship quality for either sample, even when perceived idealization was tested. Derogation, however, predicted relationship outcomes. Therefore, future studies should focus on negative behaviors or attitudes (or the lack thereof) in understanding relationship outcomes.     

Western and East Asian sociocultural learning models: Evidence from cross‐cultural and immigrant research

We review Li's research and theory of cultural learning models in light of Chirkov's (2019) theory of sociocultural models that draw on previous theories and research across social sciences. We recast Li's models as sociocultural learning models (SCLMs) by incorporating Chirkov's three emphases: (a) the inseparability between the social and the cultural, (b) the public versus individuals’ internalization of SCLMs and their mutual enforcement, and (c) collective intentionality and intersubjectivity as embedded in the enactment of SCLMs. As an initial attempt to document how public SCLMs become internalized, we further examine the role of joint intentionality and intersubjectivity at the person‐to‐person level. We use discourse analysis to look at two mother–child conversations about learning from our current European American and Chinese immigrant research data. We show evidence that both joint intentionality and intersubjectivity are prevalently and deeply present in the process of parental socialization (transmitting SCLMs to their young). We conclude that intentionality and intersubjectivity are indispensable to enable SCLMs to exist and to continue by enabling the public to become internalized. The internalization is then enacted and repeated by members across the culture, who in turn function to uphold and renew SCLMs.     

Linking Proactive Personality to Creative Performance: The Role of Job Crafting and High-Involvement Work Systems

This study proposed that job crafting serves as a mechanism reflecting how proactive personality affects creative performance, and this study explored whether these relationships are moderated by high-involvement work systems. Drawn from the conservation of resources theory to develop a cross-level moderated mediation model, a three-wave longitudinal study was conducted with 346 employees and their supervisors in 27 high technology firms in China. This study found that proactive personality was positively related to creative performance and that job crafting mediated the relationship between proactive personality and creative performance, and an indirect effect of proactive personality on creative performance through job crafting was significant when high-involvement work systems was low but not high. Thus, the research results indicate that when human resource management involves less participatory management, incentive rewards, extensive training and information sharing, proactive employees can draw from their personality to craft their job tasks, relations and cognitions, thereby improving creative performance. The theoretical and managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.     

Word‐of‐mouth transmission in settings with multiple opinions: The impact of other opinions on WOM likelihood and valence

Scholars in social psychology and marketing have traditionally examined word-of-mouth (WOM) interactions in a dyadic setting, comprised of a WOM-opinion provider and its recipient. Yet, social interactions also often occur in larger settings, and group-based research has shown group sizes to affect its member behavior. To this end, we set out to examine WOM transmission in a larger context by introducing a WOM responder, whose role is to provide a second opinion to the WOM recipient. In Experiment 1, we find that social relations in the triad play a key role in WOM transmission. For strong ties, the WOM responder showed little difference in willingness to offer a second opinion irrespective of its congruency with the first opinion. Incongruency with the first opinion, however, reduced the valence of the second opinion. For weak ties, the presence (vs. absence) of first opinion—irrespective of its congruency—increased the likelihood of offering a second opinion and also its valence. We demonstrate that the effects could be attributable to different accessibility of needs for assimilation and differentiation as well as of motivational orientations toward other parties of WOM. Experiment 2 takes a closer look at the conflicting motivations of social influence (normative vs. informational) associated with strong ties, and finds both in operation but to a differing degree. Finally, a follow-up study addresses the current findings in the context of satisfied/dissatisfied consumers.     

海德格尔研究在中国

中国人从海德格尔学习始于沈有鼎,但其思想在中国的介绍却始于熊伟;经过战乱和文革的干扰,海氏思想的全面翻译介绍和深入研究是改革开放之后的事。海德格尔对老庄思想的爱好鼓励、鉴定了中国学者对传统文化的信心;但是海德格尔看到的老庄却是德国化的老庄;他在《老子》十一章中看到的他自己“玄在（Seyn）”思想的影子,实际上是翻译中不得已加到老子思想上的德语成分。     

任务难度对焦点转换和焦点内信息激活的影响

设置两种难度的比较任务(倒序数2和数3)和一个探测任务(倒序数1),探讨:(1)排除Voigt等研究中数字启动效应后,任务难度对焦点转换的影响;(2)任务难度对焦点内信息激活的影响.结果表明:(1)ft务难度影响焦点转换代价,即任务越难,焦点转换代价越大;(2)任务难度影响焦点内信息激活水平,即任务越难,激活水平越低.这提示:任务难度对焦点转换的影响是多方面的.     

INFLUENCES ON COCAINE TOLERANCE ASSESSED UNDER A MULTIPLE CONJUNCTIVE SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

Under multiple schedules of reinforcement, previous research has generally observed tolerance to the rate‐decreasing effects of cocaine that has been dependent on schedule‐parameter size in the context of fixed‐ratio (FR) schedules, but not under the context of fixed‐interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. The current experiment examined the effects of cocaine on key‐pecking responses of White Carneau pigeons maintained under a three‐component multiple conjunctive FI (10 s, 30 s, & 120 s) FR (5 responses) schedule of food presentation. Dose‐effect curves representing the effects of presession cocaine on responding were assessed in the context of (1) acute administration of cocaine (2) chronic administration of cocaine and (3) daily administration of saline. Chronic administration of cocaine generally resulted in tolerance to the response‐rate decreasing effects of cocaine, and that tolerance was generally independent of relative FI value, as measured by changes in ED50 values. Daily administration of saline decreased ED50 values to those observed when cocaine was administered acutely. The results show that adding a FR requirement to FI schedules is not sufficient to produce schedule‐parameter‐specific tolerance. Tolerance to cocaine was generally independent of FI‐parameter under the present conjunctive schedules, indicating that a ratio requirement, per se, is not sufficient for tolerance to be dependent on FI parameter.     

精神科医患之间有效沟通之几点思考

在精神科领域,精神病患者及家属对精神疾病的认识存在许多误区.诸如:对精神疾病诊断、治疗的认识误区,对精神疾病病因的认识误区;对人际关系与社会功能的认识误区;对仪器设备检查过度迷信的认识误区等.为了保证精神病患者的诊断、治疗、康复的顺利进行,必须消除对精神疾病的认识误区,必须重视与加强精神科医患之间全方位有效沟通.     

组织中管理者信任的前因机制——基于契约与LMX的实证分析

管理者信任是组织运作效率的重要影响因素。为了系统分析契约与领导成员交换(LMX)在组织内部对管理者信任的权变影响模式,本研究采用问卷调查的方法,对契约与LMX如何影响管理者信任的形成进行了研究。154名被试参加了调查,结果表明,契约与LMX的交互作用项对管理者信任的作用显著。进一步分析交互作用方向,结果表明:领导成员交换(LMX)在管理者信任形成中起到主导作用;而在双方LMX一般时,完备的契约可显著降低信任风险,促进管理者信任的形成。据此,我们建议管理者采用相应的权变策略建设组织内管理者信任。