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591.
Wichers M Kenis G Jacobs N Myin-Germeys I Schruers K Mengelers R Delespaul P Derom C Vlietinck R van Os J 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2008,117(3):699-704
Previous work indicated protective effects of positive emotions on genetically influenced stress sensitivity. Given the fact that expression of brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF) is associated with stress-induced behavioral changes, it was hypothesized that the BDNF Val-sup-6-sup-6Met genotype may mediate genetic effects on stress sensitivity, conditional on the level of concurrent positive emotions. Subjects (n=446) participated in a momentary assessment study, collecting appraisals of stress and affect in the flow of daily life. Multilevel regression analyses examined moderation of daily life stress-induced negative affect (NA) by BDNF genotype, and to what degree this was conditional on concurrent positive emotions. Results showed that heterozygous BDNF "Met" carriers exhibited an increased NA response to social stress compared with "Val/Val" subjects. Positive emotions at the time of the stressor decreased BDNF genetic moderation of the NA response to social stress in a dose-response fashion. This effect was most pronounced in BDNF Met carriers. Thus, the impact of BDNF genotype on stress sensitivity is conditional on the experience of positive emotions. Interdisciplinary research in psychology and psychiatric genetics may lead to the improvement of treatment choices in stress-related disorders. 相似文献
592.
Mendes WB Major B McCoy S Blascovich J 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,94(2):278-291
The authors examined White and Black participants' emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses to same-race or different-race evaluators, following rejecting social feedback or accepting social feedback. As expected, in ingroup interactions, the authors observed deleterious responses to social rejection and benign responses to social acceptance. Deleterious responses included cardiovascular (CV) reactivity consistent with threat states and poorer performance, whereas benign responses included CV reactivity consistent with challenge states and better performance. In intergroup interactions, however, a more complex pattern of responses emerged. Social rejection from different-race evaluators engendered more anger and activational responses, regardless of participants' race. In contrast, social acceptance produced an asymmetrical race pattern--White participants responded more positively than did Black participants. The latter appeared vigilant and exhibited threat responses. Discussion centers on implications for attributional ambiguity theory and potential pathways from discrimination to health outcomes. 相似文献
593.
Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is the sole psychiatric diagnostic category for which aggression is a cardinal symptom. IED focuses on physical aggression, but researchers have argued for the inclusion of verbal aggression (VA) (e.g., arguing, threatening) as a part of the IED criteria set. The utility of VA in identifying clinically relevant aggression, however, is unknown. IED participants were compared to individuals without a marked history of physical aggression, but who report frequent (two or more times a week) VA, and non-aggressive personality-disorder individuals on behavioral and self-report measures of aggression, self-report measures of related constructs (e.g., anger, affective lability), and a clinician assessment of psychosocial impairment. Both the IED and VA groups were more aggressive, angry, and clinically impaired than personality-disorder individuals, while the IED and VA groups did not differ from each other on these measures. These results support the clinical importance of frequent VA for future iterations of the IED criteria set. 相似文献
594.
595.
Ortiz R Jiménez JE Muñetón M Rojas E Estévez A Guzmán R Rodríguez C Naranjo F 《Psicothema》2008,20(4):678-683
Several studies have indicated that dyslexics show a deficit in speech perception (SP). The main purpose of this research is to determine the development of SP in dyslexics and normal readers paired by grades from 2nd to 6th grade of primary school and to know whether the phonetic contrasts that are relevant for SP change during development, taking into account the individual differences. The achievement of both groups was compared in the phonetic tasks: voicing contrast, place of articulation contrast and manner of articulation contrast. The results showed that the dyslexic performed poorer than the normal readers in SP. In place of articulation contrast, the developmental pattern is similar in both groups but not in voicing and manner of articulation. Manner of articulation has more influence on SP, and its development is higher than the other contrast tasks in both groups. 相似文献
596.
Bennett P Wilkinson C Turner J Brain K Edwards RT Griffith G France B Gray J 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(3):234-241
This study identified levels of distress, and predictors of levels of distress, in women undergoing assessment for genetic
risk of breast/ovarian cancer based on their family history. It comprised a cohort study following 154 women who completed
questionnaires at entry into a cancer genetic assessment programme and following risk provision. Independent significant associates
of anxiety following risk provision were age, neuroticism, feeling hopeless about developing cancer, a perceived lack of control
over developing cancer, lack of a social confidant, and a coping response involving acceptance/resignation. Depression was
associated with age, neuroticism, feeling hopeless about developing cancer, lack of social confidant, and a coping response
involving acceptance/resignation. To avoid high levels of psychological morbidity in future cohorts undergoing cancer genetic
risk assessment, information should be given that emphasises that some degree of control over health outcomes through behaviour
change or increased surveillance is possible. 相似文献
597.
Elisa Kern de Castro Bernardo Moreno Jiménez 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(2):154-162
This study assessed the influence of clinical and socio-demographic variables on the psychological adaptation of transplanted
adolescents. Twenty-six transplanted adolescents and 25 healthy adolescents, aged 13–17, and their parents participated in
the study. The following domains were measured: social competence, emotional/behavioral problems, self-concept, self-esteem
and subjective well-being. The findings revealed that transplanted boys presented significantly less social competence (U = 26,000, p < .05) and more externalizing problems (U = 25,000, p < .05), social problems (U = 25,000, p < .05) and attention problems (U = 17,500, p < .01) than healthy boys. In contrast, transplanted girls displayed significantly more internalizing problems (U = 47,000, p < .05) and lower physical self-concept (U = 49,500, p < .05) than healthy girls. Hierarchical regression analysis showed clinical variables, especially waiting-list time, significantly
predicted attention problems (β = .364, p < .05) and negative affect (β = .632, p < .05) in transplanted adolescents. Also, male (β = −0.554, p < .01) and younger (β = −0.444, p < .01) transplanted adolescents were at risk for attention problems. Our data suggest the importance of the waiting-list time
for transplanted adolescents. Efforts to reduce the pretransplant phase would help adolescents achieve better psychological
adaptation at long-term posttransplant. 相似文献
598.
Svindseth MF Sørebø O Nøttestad JA Roaldset JO Wallin J Dahl AA 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(2):151-159
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is commonly used in empirical studies of narcissism. Few population-based studies have been published. Our aim was to do a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the NPI 29 item version with a four-factor structure, in two population-based samples and in a patient sample, and present normative population-based data. The NPI-29 was filled in by 324 respondents from the Norwegian population, 231 from the Swedish population and 167 Norwegian psychiatric patients. The four-factor structure of the NPI-29 with Leadership/Power, Exhibitionism/Self-admiration, Superiority/Arrogance and Uniqueness/Entitlement was reproduced in these samples. The CFA models showed good fit indices in all samples. Mean scores on the NPI-29 and four subscales hardly differed between the samples. For the NPI-29 total score and factors, few significant differences were observed. CFA of the samples supported the factor structure of the NPI-29 formerly identified by principal component analysis of the Swedish population sample. 相似文献
599.
We present an analysis of the work of human participants in addressing design problems by analogy. We describe a computer program, called Galatea, that simulates the visual input and output of four experimental participants. Since Galatea is an operational computer program, it makes specific commitments about the visual representations and reasoning it uses for analogical transfer. In particular, Galatea provides a computational model of how human designers might be generating new designs by incremental transfer of the problem-solving procedure used in previous design cases. 相似文献
600.
Crystal L. Hoyt Lauren Aguilar Jim Blascovich 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2007,43(6):884-893
Two experiments assessed the self-protective and undermining effects of attributional ambiguity. Both studies utilized immersive virtual environment technology to achieve otherwise difficult manipulations of stigma. In Experiment 1, White and Latino participants were either stigmatized (represented as Latino) or not (represented as White) and given negative leadership performance feedback. Afterwards, stigmatized participants reported higher well-being and attributed negative feedback more to discrimination than nonstigmatized participants. In Experiment 2, Latinos represented veridically showed self-protective effects after receiving negative leadership feedback. Additionally, this experiment revealed undermining effects of attributional ambiguity such that those participants represented as Latino discounted positive feedback and reported lower well-being. Thus, attributional ambiguity of stigmatized individuals (real or induced) buffered well-being in the face of negative feedback but undermined the well-being effects of positive feedback. 相似文献