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461.
This article examines the human face as a transmitter of expression signals and the brain as a decoder of these expression signals. If the face has evolved to optimize transmission of such signals, the basic facial expressions should have minimal overlap in their information. If the brain has evolved to optimize categorization of expressions, it should be efficient with the information available from the transmitter for the task. In this article, we characterize the information underlying the recognition of the six basic facial expression signals and evaluate how efficiently each expression is decoded by the underlying brain structures. 相似文献
462.
Weisbuch-Remington M Mendes WB Seery MD Blascovich J 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2005,31(9):1203-1216
Anthropological, sociological, and psychological theories suggest that religious symbols should influence motivational processes during performance of goal-relevant tasks. In two experiments, positive and negative religious (Christian) symbols were presented outside of participants' conscious awareness. These symbols influenced cardiovascular responses consistent with challenge and threat states during a subsequent speech task, particularly when the speech topic concerned participants' mortality, and only for Christian participants; similar images lacking Christian meaning were not influential. Results suggested that these effects were due to the learned meaning of the symbols and point to the importance of religion as a coping resource. 相似文献
463.
Jim Lantz 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2001,23(1):19-32
In existential family therapy, it is believed that Viktor Frankl's dimensional ontology is a useful way to understand the different levels of depression that are important in both family assessment and family treatment. This article reviews Frankl's dimensional ontology, its usefulness for existential family treatment, the must, can, and ought levels of family depression, and presents clinical material illustrating the described existential family treatment approach. 相似文献
464.
Mendes WB Reis HT Seery MD Blascovich J 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,84(4):771-792
Three studies examined cardiovascular (CV) responses during emotional expression with empathically responsive strangers. Study 1 demonstrated that self-relevant emotional expression fostered CV reactivity consistent with challenge. Study 2 manipulated content of discussion by assigning participants to 1 of 4 conditions: emotional, nonemotional, emotional suppression, nonemotional suppression. In same-sex dyads. emotional expression elicited CV challenge reactivity whereas emotional suppression evoked CV threat reactivity, both compared with appropriate control groups. In opposite-sex dyads, however, emotional expression engendered CV threat. Because same- and opposite-sex disclosures differed, Study 3 controlled the content of emotional expression while manipulating gender context. Results confirmed findings from the first 2 studies, indicating that both context and content of emotional expression influenced CV effects. Findings are discussed within a theoretical challenge and threat perspective. 相似文献
465.
Jim Mackenzie 《Argumentation》1988,2(4):465-482
Logical guarantees of validity must be understood as subject to the proviso that no equivocation is committed. But we do not have a formal theory of equivocation. This paper attempts to formulate rules for responding to equivocal arguments in the context of dialogue. What occurs when one distinguishes meanings of an equivocal expression turns out to be rather different from definition. 相似文献
466.
Nancy Eisenberg Mark Schaller Paul A. Miller Jim Fultz Richard A. Fabes Rita Shell 《Sex roles》1988,19(9-10):605-618
In prior research, mostly on helping in emergeicies, individuals' scores on expressivity (or femininity) generally have been unrelated to helping, whereas instrumentality (or masculinity) scores frequently have been significantly related to assisting. In two studies, we examined the relation of expressivity and instrumentality to willingness to help in a nonemergency situation in which the other's need was unambiguous; moreover, we assessed possible mediators of relations. Expressivity was positively related to amount of helping, and this relation appeared mediated by sympathetic responsivity. Masculinity was not significantly related to helping, although it was marginally, negatively related to assisting in one study. The findings are discussed in relation to those in related research. 相似文献
467.
Marjorie H. Charlop Laura Schreibman Marie Garrison Thibodeau 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1985,18(2):155-166
One oft-cited problem with teaching speech skills to autistic children isthe failure of the speech to be spontaneous. That is, the children's speech often remains underthe control of the verbal behavior of others rather than underthe control of other nonverbal referents inthe environment. We investigatedthe effectiveness of a time delay procedure to increasethe spontaneous speech of seven autistic children. Initially, the experimenter presented a desired object (e.g., cookie) and immediately modeledthe appropriate response “I want (cookie).” Gradually, asthe child imitatedthe vocalization, the experimenter increasedthe time between presentation of the object andthe modeled vocalization in an attempt to transfer stimulus control of the child's vocalization fromthe experimenter's model tothe object. Results indicated that allthe children learned to request items spontaneously and generalized this behavior across settings, people, situations, and to objects which had not been taught. These results are discussed in relation tothe literature on spontaneous speech, prompting, and generalization. 相似文献
468.
Family and psychosocial predictors of obsessive compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Laura A. Valleni-Basile M.S.P.H. Carol Z. Garrison Ph.D. Kirby L. Jackson A.B. Jennifer L. Waller Ph.D. Robert E. McKeown Ph.D. Cheryl L. Addy Ph.D. Steven P. Cuffe M.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1995,4(2):193-206
A two-stage epidemiologic study conducted between 1986 and 1988 in the southeastern United States investigated family and psychosocial predictors of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and subclinical OCD in young adolescents. In the first stage, a life-event schedule and a family adaptability and cohesion scale were administered to a community sample of 3,283 adolescents. In stage two, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia in School Age Children and the Children's Global Assessment Scale were administered to 488 mother-child pairs. In multivariable models family cohesion was the only significant correlate of OCD (odds ratio=0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.91–0.98). Gender, race, age, socioeconomic status, guardian status, adaptability, undesirable life events and desirable life events were not found to be significant predictors of OCD in models adjusting for cohesion. Note of the above variables were significantly associated with subclinical OCD. However, separate analyses of the 41 individual life events indicated seven specific events were significantly associated with OCD or subclinical OCD. These findings are at odds with the theory that overinvolvement of family members is a risk factor for OCD, though an association with overly rigid family structure cannot be eliminated based on these data. Further exploration of family characteristics is warranted. 相似文献
469.
In this article, the authors integrate Viktor Frankl's concept of the “Will to Meaning” with a family-life-cycle model. This
integration offers an overview of the opportunities for spiritual growth and the development of a sense of purpose for both
the family and its individual members. Clinical illustrations highlight applications of the approach in actual practice. 相似文献
470.
Jim Mackenzie 《Argumentation》1994,8(3):227-240
In this paper a dialogical account of begging the question is applied to various contexts which are not obviously dialogues: - reading prose, working through a deductive system, presenting a legal case, and thinking to oneself. The account is then compared with that in chapter eight of D. Walton'sBegging the Question (New York; Greenwood, 1991). 相似文献