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961.
Recent research has demonstrated that "sex differences" on mental image rotation (MIR) tasks may be attenuated through manipulations of instructional or stimulus conditions. The interaction of these variables was examined in two experiments. In the first, subjects received instructions that emphasized or de-emphasized the spatial nature of the MIR task. In the second, instructions emphasized the use of MIR abilities in stereotypically "masculine" or "feminine" occupations. The relevant interactions were significant in both experiments. Men performed at higher levels than women in the spatial instruction conditions, but no sex differences were observed under nonspatial instructions. These effects were further shown to be mediated by stimulus type; simpler or more familiar stimuli were less deleterious to the performance of women. These results add to the evidence that instructional and stimulus effects may exacerbate or eliminate sex differences in spatial cognition. 相似文献
962.
The rationale for personal development work in counsellor training stems directly from Rogers' claim of a selective constructive tendency. The basis for this belief and its implementation in experiential learning shows a number of paradoxes: the model of a growing flower—a rigid, rule-following system—is presented as evidence of the potential for positive change; self-actualisation is claimed to be the power force of life, yet is so fragile that it fails most of us; self-knowing involves finding meanings—a cognitive task—yet personal development programmes are based on non-cognitive knowing. The Rogerian rationale for personal development work is thus fatally flawed. 相似文献
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965.
Alishia D. Williams 《Australian journal of psychology》2012,64(4):217-224
Compulsive buying (CB) is not only associated with impulse control disorders and specific domains of impulsivity, but is also highly comorbid with negative affect and depression, making it a candidate disorder to be characterised by poor emotion regulation. Despite emerging research supporting an association between distress tolerance and disorders of dysregulated behaviour, no study has investigated distress tolerance in the context of CB. The aim of the current study was to explore the relationship between CB and four specific domains of distress tolerance (appraisal, tolerance, absorption, regulation) and experiential avoidance. In a community‐recruited sample of compulsive buyers (n = 47) and healthy controls (n = 38), CB was significantly associated with each of the domains of distress tolerance (Distress Tolerance Scale). Furthermore, CB was associated with greater experiential avoidance (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire), which was in turn associated with each domain of distress tolerance. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant group differences in all measures. Nonparametric bootstrapping analysis revealed that general psychopathology, impulsivity, and experiential avoidance could not fully account for the relationship between distress tolerance and CB severity. Results suggest that distress tolerance and experiential avoidance may represent therapeutic targets in CB. Limitations and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
966.
Jessica J Love Caio F Miguel Jonathan K Fernand Jillian K LaBrie 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2012,45(3):549-564
Stereotypy has been classified as repetitive behavior that does not serve any apparent function. Two procedures that have been found to reduce rates of vocal stereotypy effectively are response interruption and redirection (RIRD) and noncontingent access to matched stimulation (MS). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of RIRD alone, MS alone, and MS combined with RIRD. One participant's results suggested similar suppressive effects on vocal stereotypy across treatment conditions. For the second participant, a slightly greater suppression of stereotypy was associated with MS + RIRD. In addition, both participants emitted a greater frequency of appropriate vocalizations in conditions with RIRD. Data suggest that the addition of MS might facilitate the implementation of RIRD in applied settings. 相似文献
967.
Jamie M. Williams 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2012,49(3):140-142
Rachel Connelly & Kristin Ghodsee. (2011). Professor Mommy: Finding Work–Family Balance in Academia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. 232 pages, $25.95 List. ISBN: 978‐1442208582. 相似文献
968.
Jay J. Van Bavel Jillian K. Swencionis Rachel C. O'Connor William A. Cunningham 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(3):707-713
The current research examines why people have superior recognition memory for own-group members compared to other-group members. In two studies, we provide evidence for one motivational mechanism underlying own-group bias—social belonging needs. In Study 1, participants assigned to a minimal group had superior memory for own-group compared to other-group faces, replicating previous research on the own-group bias. This pattern was moderated by participants' need to belong: participants who reported a higher (versus lower) need to belong showed greater own-group memory bias. In Study 2, participants who were socially excluded had superior memory for own-university compared to other-university faces than participants who were selected to work alone by a computer. Together, these studies suggest that chronic belonging needs and social exclusion motivate own-group bias. (124 words) 相似文献
969.
Juliette Schaafsma Kipling D. Williams 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(4):829-837
The goal of the present study was to examine whether exclusion leads to increased intergroup hostility and stronger fundamentalist religious beliefs. Using Cyberball, we examined how adolescents from different ethnic groups in the Netherlands (of Moroccan, Turkish, and Dutch descent with either Muslim, Christian, or secular beliefs) responded to being included or excluded by ethnic in- and outgroup members. We expected that exclusion by ethnic outgroup members would represent a categorization threat and would result in greater hostility. We hypothesized that exclusion by ethnic ingroup members would represent an acceptance threat and would result in responses that reduce uncertainty and increase one's chances of being accepted by others (e.g., a stronger endorsement of fundamentalist religious beliefs). The results revealed that among all ethnic groups, exclusion by ethnic outgroup members led to more hostility toward the co-players and the co-players' ethnic group than exclusion by ethnic ingroup members. This was mediated by the extent to which people attributed their exclusion to the racist attitudes of their co-players. Among Muslims and Christians, exclusion by ethnic ingroup members led to more support for fundamentalist beliefs. We discuss the theoretical extension that these results provide, and practical issues raised regarding the consequences that may occur through the marginalization of religious and ethnic groups. 相似文献
970.
Cheryl L. Holt Emily Schulz Beverly Williams Eddie M. Clark Min Qi Wang Penny L. Southward 《Journal of religion and health》2012,51(4):1061-1074
African American faith communities are an important source of social capital. The present study adapted a theory-based social capital instrument to result in religious (e.g., from organized worship) and spiritual (e.g., from relationship with higher power) capital measures. Data from a national sample of 803 African Americans suggest the instruments have high internal reliability and are distinct from general religiosity. Measurement models confirmed factor structures. Religious capital was positively associated with self-rated health status. Religious and spiritual capital were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, but these associations largely became nonsignificant in multivariate models that controlled for demographic characteristics. An exception is for spiritual capital in the form of community participation, which retained a negative association with depressive symptoms. These instruments may have applied value for health promotion research and practice in African American communities. 相似文献