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171.
It is widely believed that advantages of hemispheric asymmetries originated in better cognitive processing, hence it is often implied that the relationship between hemispheric asymmetry and cognitive performance is linearly positive: the higher the degree of lateralization in a specific cognitive domain, the better the performance in a corresponding task. Yet, the empirical evidence for this notion is mixed and the statistical methods to analyze this relationship have been criticized. The present study therefore investigated the relationship between hemispheric asymmetries and cognitive performance in two behavioral tasks (a left-lateralized word-matching task and a right-lateralized face-decision task) in 230 participants (140 women, 90 men) by using two different approaches. Both methods correspondingly revealed that a relationship between hemispheric asymmetries and cognitive performance does exist. Contrary to a positive (linear) relationship however, the data could be best described by an inverted U-shaped curve. Although the optimal degree of lateralization seemed to be task-specific, a slight or moderate degree of hemispheric asymmetry achieved best cognitive performance in all tasks. Moreover, performances deteriorated towards extreme ends of lateralization (i.e., participants with either extreme left or right hemispheric biases). Taken together, the present study provides evidence against the notion that higher lateralization is related to enhanced cognitive performance. 相似文献
172.
A Systematic Replication and Extension of Using Incremental Rehearsal to Improve Multiplication Skills: An Investigation of Generalization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend a previous study by Burns (Education and Treatment of Children 28: 237–249,
2005) examining the effectiveness of incremental rehearsal on computation performance. A multiple-probe design across multiplication
problem sets was employed for one participant to examine digits correct per minute and percentage of digits correct on problems
targeted during treatment and response maintenance sessions. Treatment occurred twice weekly across 12 weeks. Retention of
target facts was measured prior to each treatment session. Treatment impact on generalized skills including single skill mastery
probes, multiplying fractions, and word problems was examined. Results suggested that the participant achieved accurate and
fluent performance on the problem sets. This performance was maintained over time and generalized to SSM, fraction, and word
problem probes. 相似文献
173.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):37-51
A great deal of effort has been, and continues to be, devoted to developing consciousness artificially (A small selection
of the many authors writing in this area includes: Cotterill (J Conscious Stud 2:290–311, 1995, 1998), Haikonen (2003), Aleksander and Dunmall (J Conscious Stud 10:7–18, 2003), Sloman (2004, 2005), Aleksander (2005), Holland and Knight (2006), and Chella and Manzotti (2007)), and yet a similar amount of effort has gone in to demonstrating the infeasibility of the whole enterprise (Most notably:
Dreyfus (1972/1979, 1992, 1998), Searle (1980), Harnad (J Conscious Stud 10:67–75, 2003), and Sternberg (2007), but there are a great many others). My concern in this paper is to steer some navigable channel between the two positions,
laying out the necessary pre-conditions for consciousness in an artificial system, and concentrating on what needs to hold
for the system to perform as a human being or other phenomenally conscious agent in an intersubjectively-demanding social
and moral environment. By adopting a thick notion of embodiment—one that is bound up with the concepts of the lived body and
autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980; Varela et al. 2003; and Ziemke 2003, 2007a, J Conscious Stud 14(7):167–179, 2007b)—I will argue that machine phenomenology is only possible within an embodied distributed system that possesses a richly affective
musculature and a nervous system such that it can, through action and repetition, develop its tactile-kinaesthetic memory,
individual kinaesthetic melodies pertaining to habitual practices, and an anticipatory enactive kinaesthetic imagination.
Without these capacities the system would remain unconscious, unaware of itself embodied within a world. Finally, and following
on from Damasio’s (1991, 1994, 1999, 2003) claims for the necessity of pre-reflective conscious, emotional, bodily responses for the development of an organism’s core
and extended consciousness, I will argue that without these capacities any agent would be incapable of developing the sorts
of somatic markers or saliency tags that enable affective reactions, and which are indispensable for effective decision-making
and subsequent survival. My position, as presented here, remains agnostic about whether or not the creation of artificial
consciousness is an attainable goal. 相似文献
174.
Specificity of episodic and semantic aspects of autobiographical memory in relation to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Moradi AR Herlihy J Yasseri G Shahraray M Turner S Dalgleish T 《Acta psychologica》2008,127(3):645-653
Two studies examined the relationship between the ability to access specific autobiographical material in memory and presence/symptoms of posttraumatic stress. In Study 1, a sample of refugees with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) in which they had to generate specific episodic autobiographical memories in response to emotion-related cue words. Results showed that reduced specificity of memories on the AMT was associated with an increased frequency of trauma-related flashbacks but with reduced use of effortful avoidance to deal with trauma-related intrusions in the day-to-day. Study 2 examined retrieval of semantic autobiographical information from previous lifetime periods in groups of cancer survivors with posttraumatic stress and healthy controls. The cancer survivors were able to generate fewer specific semantic details about the personal past compared to the controls. The more symptomatic survivors showed the greatest memory impairment. The data from both studies are discussed in terms of compromised access to specific autobiographical material in distressed trauma survivors reflecting a process of affect regulation. 相似文献
175.
Marie G. Rudden Stuart Twemlow Steven Ackerman 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2008,89(5):993-1010
Various perspectives on leadership within the psychoanalytic, organizational and socio‐biological literature are reviewed, with particular attention to research studies in these areas. Hypotheses are offered about what makes an effective leader: her ability to structure tasks well in order to avoid destructive regressions, to make constructive use of the omnipresent regressive energies in group life, and to redirect regressions when they occur. Systematic qualitative observations of three videotaped sessions each from N = 18 medical staff work groups at an urban medical center are discussed, as is the utility of a scale, the Leadership and Group Regressions Scale (LGRS), that attempts to operationalize the hypotheses. Analyzing the tapes qualitatively, it was noteworthy that at times (in N = 6 groups), the nominal leader of the group did not prove to be the actual, working leader. Quantitatively, a significant correlation was seen between leaders’ LGRS scores and the group’s satisfactory completion of their quantitative goals (p = 0.007) and ability to sustain the goals (p = 0.04), when the score of the person who met criteria for group leadership was used. 相似文献
176.
Scott Stuart Russell Noyes Jr. Vladan Starcevic Arthur Barsky 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2008,38(1):45-53
Data regarding the treatment of somatoform disorders suggest that the gains associated with current psychopharmacologic or
psychotherapeutic treatments are modest at best. There have been a few moderately effective treatments for selected functional
somatic syndromes, but patients who present with multi-system symptoms meeting criteria for the DSM-IV somatoform disorders
are notoriously unresponsive to treatment. Experts in the field have advocated several approaches, including interpersonally
oriented and cognitive-behavioral therapies, and have emphasized the importance of the provision of reassurance within the
doctor-patient relationship. While each individual approach has merit, none is likely to be maximally efficacious as a stand-alone
treatment. In this article we describe the theoretical underpinnings and technical aspects of a treatment for somatizing patients
that integrates these three elements. 相似文献
177.
178.
McKelvie SJ 《Perceptual and motor skills》2008,107(1):257-260
Referring to a popular procedure for examining false recall, in 2007 Branch, et al. stated that its two acronyms ("DRM" and "DRMRS") reflected variations in the procedure at the time of testing. However, the acronyms primarily reflect variations in the people to whom the basic procedure should be attributed. A calculation error in their paper is also corrected, and it is observed that magnitudes of both false recall and correct recall obtained by their young adolescents with no learning difficulties are similar to those with adults. Theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献
179.
Pamela Brear Jillian Dorrian Giuseppa Luscri 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2008,8(2):93-101
Social science research specific to the identification and prevalence of unsuitable students within counselling, psychology, and social work training programmes is briefly reviewed in this article. This area of enquiry relates to the gatekeeping responsibilities of professional educational programmes, to ensure that their graduates are competent to provide ethical and effective practice to the public. Key issues which impede the usefulness of this gatekeeping literature to counselling educators are raised. These include: methodological inconsistencies which limit the comparison of findings and hence the drawing of sound conclusions; the lack of definitional clarity relating to the construct of gatekeeping; and the confusing array of nomenclature used to represent students’ failure to meet acceptable professional standards. It is apparent from this overview that there are common factors irrespective of nomenclature that are associated with students at risk of not becoming competent entry‐level practitioners. This suggests that a structured approach to terminology is appropriate. There is also evidence to suggest that encountering such students is a regular occurrence for faculty, with students indicating higher numbers of impaired students than educators. A working definition of gatekeeping is provided and nomenclature suggested. 相似文献
180.