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91.
A socio-ecological approach to explain choice behaviour highlights salient personal and social factors in the context of changing
aspirations and opportunities. The population databases are five cohorts of all school leaver applicants for university places
in a state of Australia and a survey for one cohort. Results highlight common behaviour patterns across cohorts, with diverse
outcomes for specific social groups. Offers of university places relate course preferences and school achievement. In addition,
decisions to apply, accept and enrol vary with social experience by socio-economic indicators, geographic location and school
type. Student explanations for their decisions to defer or let the offer lapse entail particular social factors as well as
personal factors of self concepts, interests and financial needs. Findings contribute to a better understanding of choice
behaviour, with a general model of the personal and social factors that explain diverse pathways to higher education. 相似文献
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Robert ?Biswas-Diener Joar?Vitters? Ed ?DienerEmail author 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2005,6(3):205-226
Diener and Diener (1996; Psychological Science 7: 181–185) suggested that most people are happy, and offered support for this
claim from surveys in industrialized societies. We extend their findings to include people who lead materially simple lives
and live in cultures far removed from those of typical survey respondents. We found that the Kenyan Maasai, the United States
Amish, and the Greenlandic Inughuit, all reported positive levels of life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and affect balance
(more frequent positive emotions than negative ones). Across satisfaction and affect measures, including methods in addition
to global self-reports, our 358 respondents from these cultures were one average, positive on all 54 scales, and significantly
above neutral on 53 of them. Across all measures and samples 84% of participants scored above neutral. However, nobody was
perfectly happy and satisfied, and the groups reported unique configurations of satisfaction and affect. Although all three
groups were high in satisfaction with so cial domains, the Amish reported lower satisfaction with self-related domains, and
the Maasai and Inughuit were relatively lower in satisfaction with material domains. All three groups reported frequent positive
emotions, but only the Maasai reported frequent feelings of pride. Thus, the fact that most people tend to be moderately happy
does not mean that they are ecstatic, or that there is no variation across cultures in happiness. 相似文献
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The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study examined how the frequency of positive and negative emotions is related to life satisfaction across nations. Participants were 8,557 people from 46 countries who reported on their life satisfaction and frequency of positive and negative emotions. Multilevel analyses showed that across nations, the experience of positive emotions was more strongly related to life satisfaction than the absence of negative emotions. Yet, the cultural dimensions of individualism and survival/self-expression moderated these relationships. Negative emotional experiences were more negatively related to life satisfaction in individualistic than in collectivistic nations, and positive emotional experiences had a larger positive relationship with life satisfaction in nations that stress self-expression than in nations that value survival. These findings show how emotional aspects of the good life vary with national culture and how this depends on the values that characterize one's society. Although to some degree, positive and negative emotions might be universally viewed as desirable and undesirable, respectively, there appear to be clear cultural differences in how relevant such emotional experiences are to quality of life. 相似文献
96.
It has been suggested that language impairment in autism is behaviorally, neurobiologically, and etiologically related to specific language impairment (SLI). In this article, the authors review evidence at each level and argue that the vast majority of data does not support the view that language impairment in autism can be explained in terms of comorbid SLI. The authors make recommendations for how this debate might be resolved and suggest a shift in research focus. They recommend that researchers concentrate on those aspects of language impairment that predominate in each disorder rather than on those comparatively small areas of potential overlap. 相似文献
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Jill H. Larkin John McDermott Dorothea P. Simon Herbert A. Simon 《Cognitive Science》1980,4(4):317-345
We describe a set of two computer-implemented models that solve physics problems in ways characteristic of more and less competent human solvers. The main features accounting for different competences are differences in strategy for selecting physics principles, and differences in the degree of automation in the process of applying a single principle. The models provide a good account of the order in which principles are applied by human solvers working problems in kinematics and dynamics. They also are sufficiently flexible to allow easy extension to several related domains of physics problems. 相似文献
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