错误记忆的无意识机制初探

研究表明,错误记忆十分顽固,一经产生便难以消退,即使是在严格的有意识控制之下,比如预先警告条件下等。这就引起研究者对错误记忆中无意识机制的探讨。本文以错误记忆的这一顽固性特征为切人点,结合多种形式错误记忆的研究成果,尝试剖析错误记忆发生过程中无意识的作用机制,并对近年来兴起的错误记忆无意识机制的实证研究进行了介绍。     

舌尖现象的研究进展

舌尖现象(thetip of tongue phenomenon,简称TOT)具有非常重要的研究价值,通过了解TOT的产生机制可以为我们理解言语产生等问题提供一个视窗,本文总结和回顾了国外有关TOT研究各方面的进展情况,并指出了当前研究存在的一些问题,目的是给国内的同行提供一点借鉴。     

情绪自主神经特异性研究及进展

研究者们已发现情绪之间存在某些可靠的自主神经差异,至少对某些情绪来说,其自主神经反应是特异的。但是已经获得的实验结果还远远不够用于确定最后的特异性情绪自主神经反应模式。而且,自主神经活动的潜在成分和模式并没有得到穷尽。情绪生理特异性研究应该扩展到多个外周系统以及中枢神经系统。     

Resolving defence mechanisms: A perspective based on dissipative structure theory

Theories and classifications of defence mechanisms are not unified. This study addresses the psychological system as a dissipative structure which exchanges information with the external and internal world. When using defence mechanisms, the cognitive‐affective schema of an individual could remain stable and ordered by excluding psychological entropy, obtaining psychological negentropy or by dissipating the energy of self‐presentation. From this perspective, defences can be classified into three basic types: isolation, compensation and self‐dissipation. However, not every kind of defence mechanisms can actually help the individual. Non‐adaptive defences are just functioning as an effective strategy in the short run but can be a harmful approach in the long run, while adaptive defences could instead help the individual as a long‐term mechanism. Thus, we would like to suggest that it is more useful for the individual to use more adaptive defence mechanisms and seek out social or interpersonal support when undergoing psychic difficulties. As this model of defences is theoretical at present, we therefore aim to support and enrich this viewpoint with empirical evidence.     

To trust or not to trust: How self‐construal affects consumer responses to interpersonal influence

Although people generally prefer persuasive messages that align with their self‐construal, the present research explores a seemingly paradoxical situation wherein mismatched message that does not align with people's self‐construal is positively received. Given sufficient cognitive capacity to trigger persuasion knowledge—the knowledge of persuasion tactics that are encountered in the marketplace, the use of an individually focused persuasion attempt on consumers with an interdependent self‐construal results in greater levels of trust in the sales agent. In contrast, consumers with an independent self‐construal respond similarly to different types of persuasion attempts. Persuasion knowledge is a mechanism for variations in trust. The findings replicate those of prior work, and the robustness of the effects is confirmed via small‐scale meta‐analysis.     

The prevalence and predictors of metabolically healthy obesity in obese rural population of China: a cross-sectional study

Till now, no evidence illustrates the prevalence and predictors of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) in rural areas of China. The objective of this study was, firstly, to examine the prevalence of MHO in rural areas of China, and identify contributing determinants of MHO, Secondly, to comprehensively investigate to the different characteristics between MHO and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 2037 participants with obesity in rural Liaoning Province during 2012–2013. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥28 kg/m² and metabolically healthy was defined as not having the metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of MHO was 23.1%, and significantly decreased with advancing age in female group. However there was no significant tendency with advancing age in male group. Independent determinant factors for MHO were age <55 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.659; p = .001), non-current smoking (OR 1.397; p = .038), pre-menopause (OR 1.648; p = .030) and non-hyperuricemia (OR 2.317; p < .001), whereas race, gender, diet score, current drinking, marriage, sleep duration, hyperhomocysteinemia, levels of physical activity, annual income and educational status were not significant contributors. In conclusion, we found that age <55 years, non-current smoking, pre-menopause and non-hyperuricemia were identified as independent determinant factors for MHO in this population.     

死亡提醒效应的心理机制及影响因素

死亡提醒效应是指个体在死亡提醒后会产生世界观防御或自尊寻求的一种普遍现象。其心理机制是以死亡想法通达性为指标的潜在死亡焦虑,影响因素则包括年龄、宗教信仰、结构需求、自我控制、依恋类型等个体差异和不同的情境启动。未来研究应解释与死亡无直接关联的刺激可引发类似效应的原因,进一步阐释与证实潜在的死亡焦虑,并明确自尊对死亡提醒效应的影响。     

2～4岁儿童借助标识物进行视频空间定位能力的发展

分别以直接标识物和间接标识物为线索考察2.5岁、3岁、4岁儿童的视频空间定位能力发展.结果表明:在直接标识物任务中.各年龄组儿童空间定位的正确率无明显差异.而在间接标识物任务中,2.5岁儿童空间定位的正确率明显低于年长儿童;参照物的复杂程度影响2-4岁儿童视频空间定位的正确率,2.5岁和3岁儿童更易受影响;间接标识物所处位置对儿童视频空间定位产生影响.另外,在定位策略的使用上,两维视频空间中儿童表现出与三维空间不同的策略使用偏好,儿童更倾向于使用特征线索进行定位.而非几何线索.