东莨菪碱对吗啡诱导的大鼠行为敏感化的影响

药物重复处理导致的行为敏感化与成瘾过程密切相关。本实验检验东莨菪碱对吗啡诱导的大鼠行为敏感化发展和转化的影响。实验一动物分为3组,分别进行生理盐水（对照组）、吗啡（10mg/kg,吗啡组）、吗啡（10mg/kg）＋东莨菪碱（3mg/kg,吗啡-东莨菪碱组）前处理,36小时腹腔注射4次（第1~2天）。自然戒断7天（第3~9天）。第10天,所有动物均使用吗啡（4mg/kg）激发,记录动物的自发活动量;第24天,吗啡组和吗啡-东莨菪碱组动物重复第10天的操作。实验二动物分为3组,分别接受生理盐水（对照组）、吗啡（10mg/kg,吗啡组）、吗啡（10mg/kg,吗啡-东莨菪碱组）处理,36小时腹腔注射4次（第1~3天）;间隔12小时后,3组动物分别接受生理盐水、生理盐水和东莨菪碱（3mg/kg）处理,仍为36小时腹腔注射4次（第3 ~5天）。第6~9天不进行药物处理。第10天和第17天,分别使用吗啡（4mg/kg）激发,记录动物的活动量。记录时间均为两小时(10分钟为一个记录单元)。结果表明,东莨菪碱能够抑制吗啡诱导的行为敏感化的发展,一定程度上也能够延缓行为敏感化的转化但没有阻断这种转化     

时间知觉的注意调节：一项ERP研究

采用双任务实验范式探讨时间知觉注意调节的动态过程。通过指导语使被试按照比例将注意分配到声音刺激的时间属性与音调属性上,形成对时间因素不同注意程度的五种注意条件,同时记录反应时、错误率和事件相关电位数据。对峰值分析发现,P2注意条件主效应不显著,但多重比较时T（只注意时间）与P（只注意音调）条件差异显著;对CNV平均波幅分析,发现注意条件主效应显著,随着分配在时间属性上的注意的减少,其波幅逐渐降低;对T与P条件的差异波地形图分析发现,波幅最大的区域位于额叶、中央区和顶叶;该差异波的偶极子定位于辅助运动区（额上回、额中回）和顶下小叶。以上结果表明,P2阶段存在时间信息加工;CNV反映时间知觉的注意调节,时间知觉中存在控制加工应该以CNV的出现为指标;辅助运动区可能为时间知觉的核心成分,具有跨通道效应;顶下小叶也与对时间的注意有关,但并不是特异性的。本研究不支持Lewis提出的 “自动”与“认知控制”计时系统理论中 “秒”为两系统分界点以及辅助运动区只属于“自动计时系统”的观点     

后现代心理学与现代心理学的对话

当现代心理学正身处众多困境时,后现代心理学者们从新的视角和观点对其展开了攻势,因此在这近十多年里,西方心理学界充满了激烈辩论的声音。文章总结了西方心理学界围绕着后现代心理学这个话题展开的各种对话,包括心理学的认识论、研究性质、研究方法以及后现代心理学的价值等各个方面的讨论。作者在梳理这些对话的同时,对二者的观点进行了论述,其目的是为了更加深入地了解后现代心理学和现代心理学的理论建构,从而推进心理学科的深入研究。     

Critical Thinking Disposition and Scientific Creativity: The Mediating Role of Creative Self-Efficacy

This study explores the relationship between critical thinking disposition and scientific creativity and examines the hypothesized mediating role played by creative self-concept (trait-like creative self-efficacy). A large sample (N = 1,153) of Chinese high school students filled the Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory and revised trait-like creative self-efficacy scale, and then solved Scientific Creativity Test for Adolescent. Structural equation modeling has demonstrated that students’ critical thinking disposition was positively related to their creative self-concept and scientific creativity, and creative self-concept fully mediated the link between critical thinking disposition and scientific creativity. We discuss these findings in terms of the hypothetical role played by creative self-concept for creative functioning.     

The prevalence of cognitive disengagement in automobile crashes

The current study analysed crashes identified in a large-scale naturalistic driving database to assess the prevalence of cognitive disengagement (i.e., purely cognitive distraction and mind wandering/microsleep) or episodes wherein the driver did not look away from the roadway during secondary task completion or wherein another clearly observable contributing crash factor was not present, and the driver's reaction to the crash showed symptoms of cognitive disengagement. The study found that <1% (95% CI [0.45, 1.66]) of higher severity crashes had a potential contributing crash factor of mind wandering/microsleep; ~1.5% (95% CI [0.83, 2.32]) had a potential contributing factor of purely cognitive distraction. The results suggest a relatively low prevalence of cognitive disengagement among automotive crashes compared with visual/manual secondary tasks. However, the current methodology is limited in that it does not account for instances where cognitive disengagement, in combination with other factors, may have led to crashes, potentially leading to conservative estimates.     

Impact of “Signal Ahead” pavement marking on driver behavior at signalized intersections

When drivers are approaching a signalized intersection at the onset of yellow signal, they may hesitate to decide whether to stop or cross the intersection due to the dilemma zone. As defined in the Traffic Engineering Handbook [Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). (1999). Traffic engineering handbook, Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers], the dilemma zone for an intersection is a specific road segment, prior to the intersection in which a vehicle approaching the intersection during the yellow phase can neither safely clear the intersection, nor stop comfortably at the stop line. In this study, a pavement marking countermeasure is proposed to reduce the dilemma zone and improve traffic safety at signalized intersections. A pavement marking with word message ‘Signal Ahead’ that is placed on the pavement upstream of a signalized intersection may have a potential to assist drivers in stop/go decisions and improve driver performance during the signal change. This paper presents a simulator-based study that was designed to test the impact of the pavement marking countermeasure on driving behaviors, including driver’s stop/go decision, red-light running violation, brake response time, and deceleration rate of the stopping vehicle. The experiment results indicated that the marking had positive effects on drivers’ behaviors at signalized intersections. It was found that the marking can reduce the probabilities of both conservative-stop and risky-go decisions, contribute to a lower red-light running rate, and result in a lower deceleration rate for stopping drivers at higher speed limit intersections. These findings suggest that the marking countermeasure may have a potential to reduce the probabilities of both rear-end and angle crashes.     

The act of rejecting reduces the desire to reconnect: Evidence for a cognitive dissonance account

Through three experiments we examined whether the act of rejecting reduces the desire to reconnect with others. In Experiment 1, female participants who had just rejected a job applicant were less motivated to make new friends than the controls. In Experiment 2, female participants who had insufficient justifications to reject a paper were more reluctant to work with others than those who had sufficient justifications to reject. In Experiment 3, high-choice female participants showed more reduction in reconnecting desire than low-choice female participants. Furthermore, female participants who could misattribute their discomfort away showed less reduction in reconnecting desire. However, in all three experiments, male participants showed less reduction in reconnection desire than females. A follow-up survey showed that males and females differed in their senses of social connectedness and their different discomfort level at rejecting others. Overall, results supported the cognitive dissonance account which posits that, because the act of rejecting is in conflict with the fundamental motive to affiliate, such conflict may compel the mind to modify the existing attitude. Thus rejecting reduces the desire to forge new social connections.     

验证性因素分析中模型拟合的判断

采用与Hu ＆ Bender不同的设计进行模拟研究,发现在他们推荐的8个指数中,NNFI、CFI、IFI在所有样本量条件下几乎都能得到最低的α与β错误率,而且最佳界值都在0．95左右,属于优良的指数。但Mc与GammaHat的表现却不好,因此不建议使用。他们建议的2指标策略被证明能降低α与β错误率,在样本量较小时尤其值得尝试。     

2～3岁儿童对视频信息的理解

选取2岁、2．5岁和3岁儿童72名,比较儿童通过窗口、视频和模型三种条件观看藏玩具过程,然后正确找到玩具的表现,考察了2～3岁儿童对视频信息的理解特点。结果表明：（1）与通过直接经验获得信息相比,2岁与2.5岁儿童从视频获得表征信息存有一定困难;3岁儿童能够顺利地从视频获得并运用表征信息。（2）2～3岁儿童在视频条件下获取表征信息的能力要强于模型条件。研究认为3岁前儿童完成将视频图像视为真实物向视为表征信息的转换,双重表征并非儿童将视频图像作为表征信息加以理解的先决条件。     

误导信息干扰引发的错误记忆研究

本研究借鉴GSS的测验程序,以学习材料视觉呈现、团体实验的形式,在人工条件下模拟了目击者记忆过程．通过操纵材料呈现时间（20秒、40秒）与测验次数（初测、重测）两个变量,考察了该情境下错误记忆的内在机制及其动态变化特点。并进一步研究该情境下受暗示性与社会期望、自尊、心理控制源以及视觉想象生动性的关系。实验发现,40秒比20秒条件下,真实记忆效果更好,错误记忆效果更少;重测比初测时错误记忆更多。可见,真实记忆量的差异是影响错误记忆的主要因素：错误记忆较为顽固,产生后呈增加趋势。相关分析还发现,受暗示性的各种指标（yiddl、yidd2、yidd3和shift）与社会期望、自尊、心理控制源、视觉想象生动性等因素均无显著相关．与桔试的自由回忆成绩成显著负相关。