大学生的角色期望研究

采用自编的大学生角色期望调查问卷和大学生人格健康调查表(UPI),对650名1-3年级大学生进行测试。结果表明:1、大学生角色期望集中体现在9个方面:整合性期望、就业性期望、志向性期望、评价性期望、学业性期望、恋爱性期望、悖离性期望、环境性期望、独立性期望;2、三个年级在角色期望多数因子上的平均分表现出"V"形结构,各年级之间存在显著差异(p<.05);3、就业性期望、学业性期望、独立性期望存在显著的性别差异,女生在前两个因子上的平均分明显高于男生,在后一个因子上的平均分明显低于男生;4、心理健康组在整合性期望因子的平均分显著高于心理不健康组(p<.05),在悖离性期望因子的平均分极显著低于心理不健康组(p<.01)。     

Unitization mitigates interference by intrinsic negative emotion in familiarity and recollection of associative memory: Electrophysiological evidence

Emotion exerts varied influences on memory. While task-relevant item memory is often enhanced by emotion, associative memory is generally impaired. Unitization is known to improve associative memory, but its effects and mechanisms in protecting associative memory from emotional interference are rather obscure. The current study investigated associative memory by employing experimental manipulation of unitization (vs. nonunitization) encoding strategy and stimulus emotion (neutral, intrinsic negative, and extrinsic negative), combined with event-related potential (ERP) signatures of familiarity (FN400 old/new effects) and recollection (parietal late positive component/LPC old/new effects) in memory recognition. Both behavioral and ERP indices of associative recognition from the nonunitization group confirmed emotional interference in associative memory. Importantly, it was primarily intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) emotion that impeded associative memory. Unitization encoding improved memory performance in general, accompanied by enhanced recollection process and induction of familiarity process, which is typically not involved in associative memory recognition and was indeed absent in the nonunitization group. Importantly, unitization helped to preserve behavioral performance (specifically, response speed though not recognition strength) from interference by intrinsic emotion while largely reversed the detriment of intrinsic emotion on ERP indices of familiarity and recollection processes. Interestingly, a synergy between intrinsic emotion and unitization encoding was observed, which could underpin the facilitation of familiarity process in associative recognition of emotional pairs. Overall, current findings highlight interference by intrinsic emotion in associative memory, which is nonetheless responsive to mitigation by unitization encoding.     

Identification of biological neurons using adaptive observers

This paper is to investigate the use of adaptive observers for the modeling of biological neurons and networks. Assuming that a neuron can be modeled as a continuous-time nonlinear system, it is possible to determine its unknown parameters using adaptive observer, based on the concept of adaptive synchronization. The same technique can be extended for the identification of an entire biological neural network. Some conventional observer designs are studied in this paper and satisfactory results are obtained, yet with some restrictions. To further extend the applicability of adaptive observers for the modeling process, a new design is suggested. It is based on a combination of linear feedback control approach and the dynamical minimization algorithm. The effectiveness of the designed adaptive observer is confirmed with simulations.     

资本逻辑语境中的"伦理学贫困"及学者使命

资本是现代社会的基础和根据,而资本逻辑则成为现代世界的核心逻辑.由资本逻辑及其霸权统治导致的当代道德困境成为当代伦理学难以消解的生命之痛,由此呈现出其在现实生活面前的"贫困".因此,在检视并创新当代伦理学的过程中,我们不能丧失资本逻辑的审视维度,这特别有赖于学者自觉立足于当代世界的资本性质,担负起探求伦理学知识真理和守护社会道德价值的历史重任.     

Consumer responses to brand elimination: An attributional perspective

While research on innovation and new product development abounds in the literature, studies on firms deleting brands from their portfolio are virtually non-existent. This paper provides a pioneering examination of how brand elimination might influence consumer evaluations of the firm. As compared to a widely-held belief that brand elimination would adversely affect firm image, we propose that in situations where brand elimination can be viewed as the firm's effort to improve performance, consumers will rate this action favorably, with concomitant outcomes relating to firm evaluation. These ideas are supported in three studies. Study 1 finds that elimination targeting a weak (vs. strong) brand is more likely to be associated with eliminate-to-improve attributions, and consequently, more favorable evaluations. Study 2 shows that explanations provided by the firm (as against explanations generated internally by the consumers) help consumers make positive attributions for elimination targeting a strong brand, but lower evaluations when a weak brand is being eliminated. Study 3 establishes that loyal consumers are more likely to assess the applicability of an ‘eliminate-to-improve’ attribution and give favorable evaluations only when the eliminated brand is weak. Non-loyal consumers in general respond favorably to the elimination, regardless of brand strength. Future directions for brand elimination research are discussed.     

组织中绩效压力的双刃剑效应

市场经济的复杂多变给组织生存与发展带来诸多挑战,组织往往对员工提出高的绩效要求,绩效压力已成为普遍现象。现有研究大多关注绩效压力的消极效应,存在忽视其积极结果及理论视角较窄等不足。因此,系统、全面地认识绩效压力的双刃剑效应,有助于组织充分发挥绩效压力的积极效应及阻遏其消极效应。通过系统地回顾和梳理相关研究,在将绩效压力影响效果的研究分为积极、消极和二者并存的曲线效应三个类别后,引入压力认知评价理论、资源保存理论等理论厘清研究背后的解释机制。最后,基于以上梳理分析,未来研究应进一步拓展组织中绩效压力的双刃剑效应及其边界条件,从而更全面地认识组织中绩效压力所产生的影响。     

Four semantic layers of common nouns

This article proposes a four-layer semantic structure for common nouns. Each layer matches up with a semantic entity of a certain type in Montague’s intensional semantics. It is argued that a common noun denotes a sense and a concept, which are functions. For any given context, the sense of a term determines its extensions and the concept denoted by the term specifies its intensions. Intensions are treated as sets of senses. The membership relation between a sense and an intension is a soft kind and is expressed in the form of a generic sentence. Such a layered structure explains various “degrees of publicity” of a language. The result we present clarifies the confusions existing in the ordinary understanding of “sense,” “intension,” and “concept.” It also has promising applications in interpreting metaphors and revealing the relationship between generics and metaphors.     

心智游移：现象、机制及意义

心智游移是一种常见的非自主内源性意识体验, 是意识流的重要组成部分, 它的存在提示非感官意识在人类意识经验中的重要地位, 以及持续进行的无意识加工对个体生存可能具有的重要意义, 对心智游移的研究是心理学和认知神经科学领域内新兴的热点课题。本文重点回顾了关于心智游移的体验内容、与情绪的关系及其相关神经活动方面的研究成果, 在此基础上探讨了心智游移的发生机制及适应性功能。文章最后总结了目前心智游移研究中存在的定义不清、研究策略和方法过于局限以及研究内容上存在的问题, 并提出了该领域未来的研究方向以及应用价值。