目标追求过程中的权力效应

权力在心理学中被定义为一种对他人施加影响的能力。理论和实证研究都表明, 个体在目标追求的过程中, 个体权力感的高低对个体的目标追求的认知过程和行为结果都会产生影响。具体表现为在认知加工方面, 高权力者的信息加工抽象程度更高, 注意保持和分配能力也更好; 在行为结果上, 高权力者能更果断地设定目标、目标追求的行动力也更强。在权力和目标追求关系中, 预期自我调节的倾向类型起到中介作用。     

从神性到理性——康德对基督教"道德金律"的批判

康德为道德寻求客观依据而确立的道德律令,继承了基督教传统道德金律的律法、普世、上帝等观念。但是康德并非简单地蹈袭了基督教文化传统。他要为具有普遍性价值的道德律找到一个新的更为可靠的基础,这就是人的理性。因而,他从理性角度赋予了这种基督教传统文化思想以新的时代意义。这种新的解释具有现代科学理性及人文性特征,从而对后世学者在道德问题上的探寻产生了深远的影响。     

第四届“海峡两岸道教文化论坛”在台北举办

<正>10月17日,第四届"海峡两岸道教文化论坛"在台北圆山饭店举行。中国道教协会副会长张继禹、张金涛,秘书长王哲一,台湾新党主席郁慕明等嘉宾应邀出席。本次论坛是由台湾中华道教总会和江西省龙虎山嗣汉天师府联合主办,江西省道教协会及台湾各市县道教团体、知名道教宫观等协办,主题为"弘扬道教文化,传承同根同源,服务和谐社会",简称"同源、传承、和谐"。     

亮度对白光和色光临界融合频率的影响

本实验研究了不同亮度级的光谱色光(440,460,540,560,640,660nm)和白光的CFF。结果表明:除极高亮度(5087td)外,CFF与logI函数均呈线性关系。白光表现了最大的CFF,其图线斜率大于任何色光的图线斜率。可以见到:亮度是CFF和logI之间关系的最重要的决定因素之一。在所用的色光中,绿色不论在CFF绝对值或其图线斜率方面均高于光谱两端色光的相应数据。从而可以推断:波长对CFF和logI之间关系的效应不可忽视。光谱两端色光曲线的差别明显,而同色区内相邻色的曲线间差异则不显著,这又一次说明波长的区别对CFF的意义重大。在某些亮度水平上白光CFF绝对值低于色光,虽然在最高亮度级时其最大CFF值高于所有色光的相应数据。我们的研究结果再次提出,有必要对CIE V(λ)在某些条件下应用的适当性进行重新考虑。     

实习初期教师职业认同的发展轨迹及其与主动性人格的关系:一项追踪研究

采用主动性人格量表、工作绩效量表、人际关系量表、教师职业认同量表对385名实习教师从其实习第一周起连续追踪测量五周,利用多层线性模型探讨实习初期教师职业认同的发展轨迹,以及主动性人格对教师职业认同的影响及其机制。结果表明：(1)实习初期教师职业认同呈先高后低再升高的U型非线性发展趋势;(2)工作绩效和人际关系在主动性人格与教师职业认同之间起部分中介作用,且工作绩效的中介效应显著大于人际关系的中介效应。研究结果不仅揭示了实习初期教师职业认同的动态发展轨迹,同时还揭示了主动性人格影响教师职业认同的中介机制,对提升教师培养质量具有重要的参考价值。     

文章主题论述长度对文章标记效应的影响

探讨文章阅读过程中文章主题论述长度对文章主题信息和从属信息的保持效果。结果表明：文章主题论述长度影响着文章标记的效应,在有文章宏观标记条件下,文章主题论述长短对主题的通达无显著影响;但在无宏观标记条件下,论述长的文章主题的记忆效应显著优于论述短的主题;文章宏观标记对短主题从属信息的保持存在显著的扩散效应。     

Contrasting off-line segmentation decisions with on-line word segmentation during reading

In two experiments, we investigated the correspondences between off-line word segmentation and on-line segmentation processing during Chinese reading. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to read sentences which contained critical four-character strings, and then, they were required to segment the same sentences into words in a later off-line word segmentation task. For each item, participants were split into 1-word segmenters (who segmented four-character strings as a single word) and 2-word segmenters (who segmented four-character strings as 2 two-character words). Thus, we split participants into two groups (1-word segmenters and 2-word segmenters) according to their off-line segmentation bias. The data analysis showed no reliable group effect on all the measures. In order to avoid the heterogeneity of participants and stimuli in Experiment 1, two groups of participants (1-word segmenters and 2-word segmenters) and three types of critical four-character string (1-word strings, ambiguous strings, and 2-word strings) were identified in a norming study in Experiment 2. Participants were required to read sentences containing these critical strings. There was no reliable group effect in Experiment 2, as was the case in Experiment 1. However, in Experiment 2, participants spent less time and made fewer fixations on 1-word strings compared to ambiguous and 2-word strings. These results indicate that the off-line word segmentation preferences do not necessarily reflect on-line word segmentation processing during Chinese reading and that Chinese readers exhibit flexibility such that word, or multiple constituent, segmentation commitments are made on-line.     

面孔审美加工的神经机制及个体差异

外显和内隐的面孔审美加工的脑成像研究表明,美的面孔比不美的面孔导致眶额皮层、伏隔核、杏仁核等奖赏脑区更大的激活。脑电研究则发现了与面孔审美加工有关的早期负波和晚期正成分。面孔审美加工有关的脑区活动也受到性别、生理周期等个体因素的调节。未来的研究需要比较美的面孔与其它奖赏刺激加工的神经机制,探讨面孔审美加工的不同阶段及时间进程,在面孔知觉的框架下形成合理的面孔审美加工的神经模型。     

言语产生中双词素词的语音编码

采用同音判断和音节监控方法 ,考察言语产生中双词素词语音激活的特点。选用以偏正结构的双词素词为名称的图片和与双词素词中首尾两个词素同音的两组探测字作为实验材料 ,探测字在图片呈现后 5 0毫秒 (实验一 ) ,或图片呈现前 130 0毫秒 (实验二 )出现 ,要求被试判断出现的字是否与图片名称中任何一个词素同音。实验结果与绝大部分言语产生理论的预期相反 ,对图片名称第一词素的反应慢于第二词素。考虑到首尾两个词素对整词意义贡献的差别 ,作者把实验结果解释为词素意义对语音激活的作用 :第二词素的语义重要性决定了对应音节激活的快速性 ,双词素词中词素音位激活的速度和时间性受词义和词素意义激活程度的影响 ,而不完全取决于词素发音的序列性。实验不支持音位编码从左到右、序列进行的观点     

A distributed intercortical processing of binocular rivalry: psychophysical evidence

When dissimilar visual scenes are viewed dichoptically, the observer perceives several different representations of the scene over time. To reveal that a distributed intercortical network mediates this phenomenon of binocular rivalry, we used a Kanizsa square-like display consisting of four pairs of color-rivalry-inducing elements. We found that when all four dominant elements had the same color, regardless of whether they were from the same or different eyes, the visual system ably integrated them into a larger subjective surface. Once formed, the same-colored subjective surface enjoyed a relatively longer predominance than mixed-colored patterns. During rivalry alternation, this same-colored surface was more likely to be replaced by a complementary same-colored surface, rather than by mixed-colored patterns (cohesive effect). Further, surface integration, which is mainly an extrastriate cortical function, was stronger when the same eye viewed the same-colored rivalry stimuli. Since the eye-of-origin signature is explicitly represented in V1, these findings together suggest that rivalry is processed along a distributed network including V1 and the extrastriate cortices.