“我的”最重要:儿童自我源判断能力的发展早于他人

自我参照范式是探索自我认知发展的重要范式,找到一个可靠方法获得一份稳定结果一直是儿童研究的重点和难点。研究以3岁至5岁儿童作为研究对象,通过所有权参照进行编码、图片再认和源判断进行检测。为了结果的稳定可靠,每位儿童需要参加4次测验。结果显示,图片再认上4岁、5岁儿童出现自我参照效应,源判断上3岁、4岁儿童出现自我参照效应。对源判断结果分析发现,自我参照成绩在各年龄组间保持不变、他人参照成绩随年龄增长逐渐提高,二者发展趋势的差异是5岁儿童源判断上没有自我参照效应的主要原因。以上结果说明,3~5岁儿童普遍存在自我参照效应,但测验方法会影响该效应的表现年龄;其次,自我源判断能力的发展早于他人,3~5岁之间他人源判断能力是在持续提高的;另外,4次测验间的比较证明,源判断测验较之再认具有更好的稳定性。     

乡镇小学生的数学焦虑与数学成绩:数学自我效能感和数学元认知的链式中介作用

采用儿童数学焦虑量表、小学生数学学习自我效能感量表和小学生数学元认知问卷,对508名乡镇中、高年级小学生进行测量,并运用结构方程模型探讨数学焦虑影响数学成绩的内在作用机制。结果发现：（1）数学焦虑显著负向预测数学自我效能感、数学元认知和数学成绩,数学自我效能感显著正向预测数学元认知和数学成绩,数学元认知显著正向预测数学成绩;（2）在数学焦虑对数学成绩的预测中,数学自我效能感和数学元认知均发挥了部分中介作用;（3）数学自我效能感和数学元认知在数学焦虑和数学成绩之间起链式多重中介的作用。因此,数学焦虑除了直接作用于小学生的数学成绩,还可通过数学自我效能感或数学元认知间接影响数学成绩,而且可通过数学自我效能感进而通过数学元认知间接影响数学成绩。文章讨论了上述发现的理论及教育实践含义。     

黑色素瘤内科治疗的新进展

黑色素瘤的生物学知识在对这种疾病的药物研发上发挥了重要的作用。在过去的10年中,黑色素瘤进入了靶向治疗的新时代,这种疾病的治疗方法发生了革命性的改变。从2011年,已有4种新药被批准应用于转移性黑色素瘤的治疗,包括：伊匹单抗、维罗菲尼、达拉菲尼和曲美替尼。目前几种新药正处于3期临床试验阶段,以期更多的药物被批准用于这种...     

Resolution of activated background information in text comprehension

The present experiments explored the resolution of activated background information in text comprehension. In Experiment 1, participants read passages that contained an elaboration section that was either consistent or qualified (inconsistent but then corrected to be consistent) with respect to the subsequently presented target sentence (see O'Brien et al., 1998). However, the experiment used two target sentences, and several filler sentences were inserted between the first and second target sentence. The results showed that the reading times for the first target sentence in the qualified elaboration version were significantly longer than those in the consistent elaboration version. These were consistent with O'Brien's study, and further indicated that the basic process captured by the memory-based view appears to generalize to the Chinese reader better than does the here-and-now view. More importantly, the results showed that the reading times for the second target sentence in the qualified elaboration version were as long as those in the consistent elaboration version. These further indicated that the activation of background information not only maintained the coherence of the text, but also allowed for the relevant information to be updated, resulting in a unified information set. When the information was reactivated during ongoing reading, it would be in the form of unified information. In Experiment 2, the first target sentence in each passage from Experiment 1 was converted to a filler sentence, and the second target sentence became the target sentence. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the reading times for the target sentence in the qualified elaboration version were significantly longer than those for the consistent elaboration version. These indicated that the delay between the target sentences and the elaboration section was not responsible for the lack of differences in Experiment 1, and confirmed the conclusion of Experiment 1.     

虐待与儿童心理发展

儿童虐待问题近年来日益受到社会的广泛关注,本文旨在国内外已有的相关研究的基础上,阐述儿童期的虐待对儿童各个方面的心理发展的影响,以为心理和教育工作者对受虐待儿童的心理进行有效的干预和教育提供参考。     

论病历所有权归属与所有权行使

在现行法律框架下,通过文献检索、走访调研以及比较法研究方法探讨我国病历的所有权归属与所有权行使问题.本文认为病历具有物的属性,这是本文展开探讨的前提.基于对患者与医疗机构之间的空白病历买卖合同关系、医疗服务合同关系、医疗机构与医务人员之间的雇佣关系等多重法律关系的分析以及出于对患者隐私权等权利保护的考虑,认为病历所有权应归属于患者.同时,在病历私有说的基础上,分析了病历所有权行使、病历所有权的限制以及病历所有权受侵害时的救济等问题.     

Spinal Cord Circuits

Over the past decade, research at three different levels of sensorimotor control has revealed a degree of complexity that challenges traditional hypotheses regarding servocontrol of individual muscles: (a) The connectivity of spinal circuits is much more divergent and convergent than expected. (b) The normal and reflex-induced recruitment of individual muscles and compartments of muscles is more finely controlled than was noted previously. (c) The mechanical interactions among linked skeletal segments and their often multiarticular muscles are neither simple nor intuitively obvious. We have developed a mathematical model of the cat hind limb that permits us to examine the influence of individual muscles on posture and gait. We have used linear quadratic control theory to predict the optimal distribution of feedback from a hypothetical set of proprioceptors, given different assumptions about the behavioral goals of the animal. The changes in these predictions that result from changes in the structure and control objectives of the model may provide insights into the functions actually performed by the various circuits in the spinal cord.     

Bidirectional Mediating Role of Loneliness in the Association Between Shyness and Generalized Pathological Internet Use in Chinese University Students: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis

Abstract

This 1-year longitudinal study examined the bidirectional mediating role of loneliness in the association between shyness and generalized pathological Internet use (GPIU) in a sample of 291 Chinese university students (143 men, mean age =?19.07?years). A fully cross-lagged panel design was used in which shyness, loneliness, and GPIU were assessed at 3 time points separated by 6-month intervals (named T1, T2, and T3). The results indicated that relationships among shyness, loneliness, and GPIU were dynamic and bidirectional. Specifically, T1 shyness positively predicted increased T2 loneliness, T2 shyness positively predicted increased T3 loneliness, and T2 loneliness positively predicted increased T3 shyness. Additionally, T1 GPIU positively predicted increased T2 loneliness, T2 GPIU positively predicted increased T3 loneliness, and T2 loneliness positively predicted increased T3 GPIU. Loneliness was found to play a bidirectional mediating role in the association between shyness and GPIU. Specifically, T1 shyness and T3 GPIU were mediated through increased loneliness at T2, and T1 GPIU and T3 shyness were mediated through increased loneliness at T2. Furthermore, relationships among shyness, loneliness, and GPIU were the same across the 2 groups, with the strength of relationships being stronger for men.